Geothermal Energy Essay -- Fossil Fuels Energy Resources Oil Geysers E

Geothermal Energy The human population is menstruationly using up its fossil fuel supplies atstaggering rates. Before pine we will be forced to turn somewhere else for zip. There argon many a(prenominal) possibilities such as hydroelectric energy, nuclearenergy, wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy to name a few. Each oneof these choices has its pros and cons. Hydroelectric power tends to upset theecosystems in rivers and lakes. It affects the fish and wild life population.Nuclear energy is a very controversial subject. Although it produces highquantities of power with relative efficiency, it is very hard to dispose of thewaste. While wind and solar power have no waste products, they require enormousamounts of land to produce any large amounts of energy. I believe thatgeothermal energy may be an alternative origin of energy in the future. Thereare many snubgs that we must take into consideration before geothermal energycan be a surmise for a human resource. I w ill be discussing some of theseissues, questions, and problems.In the beginning when the solar system was young, the earth was stillforming, things were very different. A massive mass of elements swirled around adense centre of attention in the middle. As time went on the accumulation elements withsimilar physical properties into hot bodies caused a indisposed formation of acrystalline barrier around the denser core. Hot bodies consisting of iron wereattracted to the core with greater force because they were more dense. Thesehot bodies sunk into and became part of the constantly growing core. Less denseelements were pushed towards the surface and began to form the crust. The earlycrust or crystalline barrier consisted of ultra basic, basic, calc-alkaline, andgranite. The early crust was very thin because the core was extremely hot. Itis estimated that the mantel e 200 to 300 degrees Celsius warmer than it istoday. As the core cooled through volcanism the crust became thicker and cooler.The earth is made up of quatern basic layers, the inner solid core, the outerliquid core, the mantel and the lithosphere and crust. The density of thelayers gets greater the closer to the center of the earth that one gets. Theinner core is approximately 16% of the planets volume. It is made up of ironand nickel compounds. Nobody k instanters for sure but the outer core is thought to... ...ng. There have beenmany technological breakthroughs that have resulted in increased efficiencies ofmodern day geothermal electrical plants. I feel that with the currentenvironmental situation that the ball now faces a viable method of clean upwill include the use of geothermal power plants and resources. In a foundation thatis suffocating from the chemicals, and particulates that are created in theproduction of electricity and other commercial industries, we have no choice butto change our ways. The earth can not support the current rates of pollution.If we do not change reduce pollutio n the effects that are beginning to be seenow will become irreversible. development geothermal resources for other purposes suchas space heating can only help reduce pollution emission. With in the nextcentury the world will begin to feel the energy crunch. Supplies of othernatural resources such as coal, oil and other petroleum products will begin tobecome scarce. The world today is completely electricity dependent. Withoutelectricity, the world as we know it would cease to exist. In the next centurywe must learn to be less electricity dependent or find other sources of energy.

Essay For Setting :: essays research papers

Essay for SettingA setting is where and when the story takes place. Most of the setting involves the time and place of the action, and like The Three Strangers, by Thomas venturesome, who presents this short story with good development and distinctive setting. In this work of his, he creates a captivating atmosphere, emphasizes the force that the protagonist struggles with, and he makes it believable.Hardy creates an environment of rough landscape with phrases like Three miles of irregular upland (760), thus creating a feeling of insecurity. Hardy also represents it in some famished fragment of ancient hedge is usually taken advantage of the erection of these forlorn dwellings (760). In addition, we see the forming of an environment of danger, like in the passage where it says this instant several of the party fell into the snare set by Nature for all misguided midnight ramblers over this part of the cretaceous formationflint slopes, which belt the escarpmentlosing their footing on the rubbly steep they slid sharply downwards (771). Therefore, giving a mood of mystery and of tension.Second, Hardy emphasizes that struggle between the protagonist and the concourse or forces acting on them throughout the whole short story. For example, although Mrs. Fennel allows the new arrivals in her house, she seems uncomfortable with them, This testimony to the youthfulness of his hostess had the effect of stop her cross-examination (764). Similarly, we see that the moment the blink of an eye stranger gets in the house, the first mavin tries to create a friendly environment with him, and the first stranger handled his neighbor (the second stranger) the family mug and also, in the silence of everyone to the second strangers song, the first stranger would join in The room was silent when he had finished the verse-with one exception, that of the man in the chimney corner who at the singers voice, Chorus joined in (768).Third, the author makes it believable when he state s places, dates, and regional customs. For instance, when or else of the word tobacco, he places baccy, which was a word from that specific place and time, The shepherd filled and handed him a new clay pipe, saying as he did so, Hand me your baccy box- Ill fill that too, now I am about it (765). Also when it says Among the few features of agricultural England which retain and appearance but miniscule modified by the lapse of centuries , Shaking the water drops from his low-crowned glazed hat, he said, I must ask for a few minutes shelter comrades, or I shall be wetted to my skin before I get to Casterbridge.

Family Ethnicity :: essays research papers

NameTitleThe impact of ethnicity on my familySubjectDue DateGrowing up, my family consisted of my mother, come, and my three brothers. My father was of German decent and my mother was of Irish. in that respect was a stigma attached to being a German American back in the late 1940s and as a result, my father would dedicate nothing to do with this German heritage. He changed his name from Willie to William and as a great disappointment to my grandparents, refused to learn the German language. Even with his attempts to keep his ethnicity out of his life, my father retained many of the German traits of his parents. He is extremely hardworking and thrifty. The thought of going into dept makes him physically sick to his stomach. He would never own a trust card. To make a major purchase such as a car or appliance, he would take a 2nd and sometimes a 3rd job so he could pay cash for the items. I like to think that I inherited my fathers work ethics. barely I know for a fact that I dont have an ounce of his thrifty ways, nor do my daughter. I miss the German foods that my grandmother used to make. Now that she is gone, I wish I had some of her recipes. The only when German foods I can make are potato pancakes and German white potato salad, which my daughters love, or at least they say they do so they dont hurt my feelings.I hardly knew my mothers parents. They both died before I started kindergarten. My gramps loved beer and died of cirrhosis. I suppose that this could go along with his Irish ethnicity. My mother is a strong catholic and had plans to become a nun before she met my father. As long as I can remember, my mother would give up a pleasure in her life and spend time praying for something to happen or not happen to one of her sons. Examples are She gave up wine and prayed that I wouldnt be drafted during the Viet Nam war. I received a medical exemption for a back problem.She gave up between meal snacks and prayed that my brother, Kevin would marry his live-in girlfriend. Kevin is in his mid 40s now and is still living with Patty. Mom doesnt pray for this anymore since Kevin is the only of her 4 sons that hasnt been divorced yet.

Spider man Essay -- essays research papers

We all drive heard of Spider Man. He was the average teenager until he was bitten by a radioactive spider. I standardised Spider Man but I believe there are a lot of things missing in his movies. The police and governing are portrayed poorly, as to assisting Spider Man or lack there of. Spider Man goes roughly doing his own thing, outside of the law. He is something we stool all relate to and I believe that is why a lot of people like him. Most people would say they want to be like Spider Man because of his cool super human powers. I believe it would be a lot of hard escape, dedication, and a lot of responsibility. Think about this, you would have two tarrys to live as a completely different person. You would have to keep up good grades, make some money to live on, support your family in one life, then save people, fight crime, and kill villains in the other life. It would be way to overwhelming for me.To fight crime, nib needs a costume and a mask of some sort to hide his identity. He is a pretty good artist and draws his costume that he wants. Since Peter doesnt have much money, he decides to make his own costume. My question is how Peter could possibly know how to make a spandex costume to fit him perfectly, and relish awesome without any flaws? Just because he has super human powers doesnt mean he can design and make a costume as perfect as his. I dont think a lot of people take this into consideration. But if Peter had it made by a company of some sort, it would be fairly easy to trace and find who owns/ordered the costume. I think the creators knew about this, but didnt know how to gain the problem so they just kind of skipped it. On the other hand, I like how the creators of Spider Man didnt give him an endless budget, like Batman.Bruce Wayne was a poor kid from a poor city. His family was killed and he decides to fight crime, similar to Spider Man. Only Batman, some how got extremely rich to own his own cave, use Bat Mobile, and have some s weet gadgets. I dont know a lot about Batman, but I know seemly that money doesnt grow on trees. Besides, even if he did get the money reasonably, there would be other flaws. For example, there is no way he built his car him self. He had to have had a body shop customize it. And if this were the case, it wouldnt be too hard for Joker or person to find out... ... his uncle would still be alive, and he would still have a best friend.Throughout the movies Spider Man and Spider Man 2, Peter Parker struggles with his grades and jobs. I am currently in school, and have a part time job so I know that there is a lot of work to achieve. Peter Parker on the other hand, has my same situation, plus he has to try and save the entire City. I think that there is no way humanly possible to maintain good grades and keep his job when you have an alternate Super ego. You wouldnt have the time to study unless you didnt go to quietus and if you try and study and then sleep, you wouldnt have enough t ime to save the city. It might work if you saved the city while you were studying, but multi tasking wouldnt work very well while saving peoples lives.In conclusion, Spider Man is a very unrealistic super hero. in that respect is no way someone would put their family and friends in danger by being the citys super hero. The police and government would surely have you arrested and/or killed for making unwarranted arrests. No matter how unrealistic Spider Man is, he is the most realistic of all the other heroes.

Biblical Allusions in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre

Biblical eitherusions in Charlotte Brontes Jane EyreOne Sunday evening, shortly after Jane arrives at Lowood School, she is forced to recite the sixth chapter of St. Matthew as part of the chance(a) lesson (70 ch. 7). This chapter in Matthew states, Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed? / (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye bedevil need of all these things. / But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness and all these things shall be added unto you. (31-33)Although these words are non stated overtly in the text, they aptly fit Janes situation. Cast off from the Reed household, Jane is entrusted to the caretakers at a charity school, where food, drink, and warm clothing are scarce. This lesson is used in Lowood to encourage the girls not to think of worldly matters. This passage also applies to Janes life after Lowood. After Jane runs aw ay from Thornfield, refusing to become a mistress, she has little money and few belongings. By escaping Rochester, Jane runs from sin, temptation, and safety, into the unknown, believe in God to help her find food and shelter. She is more concerned for Rochester than she is for herself, and comes to the conclusion that Mr. Rochester was safe he was Gods and by God would he be restrained (319 ch. 28). Biblical allusions like this are rife in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. Brought up by an Anglican minister, Bronte understood the Bible as an authoritative text upon which many members of squared-toe society guided their lives. As a result of this religious training, Bronte inserted references into her stories, giving her characters a richer ... ...arrative tales. Other excuses were also found. Elliott-Binns writes that, The Conservatives held to the literal truth, with slightly few and unimportant exceptions, of the Bible. All the obscurities or seeming contradictions contained in th e sacred narrative they put down to mans imperfect knowledge, or possibly to corruption in the text (277). In some ways, the criticism helped the Bible because people began to read it closer to determine its veracity. Charlotte Bronte, capitalizing on the popularity of the Bible, inserted allusions into Jane Eyre, hoping that people would find a richer story beneath her romantic tale. Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. capital of Massachusetts Bedford, 1996. Elliott-Binns, L. E. Religion in the Victorian Era. London Lutterworth, 1936. McLeod, Hugh. Religion and Society in England, 1850-1914. London MacMillan, 1996.

Biblical Allusions in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyre

Biblical Allusions in Charlotte Brontes Jane EyreOne Sunday evening, shortly afterward Jane arrives at Lowood School, she is forced to recite the sixth chapter of St. Matthew as part of the daily lesson (70 ch. 7). This chapter in Matthew states, Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall(a) we eat? or, What shall we drink or, Wherewithal shall we be garment? / (For after all these things do the Gentiles seek) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things. / But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness and all these things shall be added unto you. (31-33)Although these words are not stated overtly in the text, they aptly fit Janes situation. Cast off from the Reed household, Jane is entrusted to the caretakers at a charity school, where food, drink, and warm clothing are scarce. This lesson is used in Lowood to encourage the girls not to think of worldly matters. This passage also applies to Janes life after Lowood. After Jane runs outdo or(a) from Thornfield, refusing to become a mistress, she has little money and few belongings. By escaping Rochester, Jane runs from sin, temptation, and safety, into the unknown, trusting in God to help her find food and shelter. She is more concerned for Rochester than she is for herself, and comes to the certainty that Mr. Rochester was safe he was Gods and by God would he be guarded (319 ch. 28). Biblical allusions like this are rife in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. Brought up by an Anglican minister, Bronte understood the Bible as an authoritative text upon which many members of Victorian society guided their lives. As a result of this religious training, Bronte inserted references into her stories, giving her characters a richer ... ...arrative tales. Other excuses were also found. Elliott-Binns writes that, The Conservatives held to the literal truth, with some few and unimportant exceptions, of the Bible. All the obscurities or seeming contradictions contained in the sacred narrative they put down to mans light knowledge, or possibly to corruption in the text (277). In some ways, the criticism helped the Bible because quite a little began to read it closer to determine its veracity. Charlotte Bronte, capitalizing on the popularity of the Bible, inserted allusions into Jane Eyre, hoping that people would find a richer story beneath her romantic tale. Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston Bedford, 1996. Elliott-Binns, L. E. Religion in the Victorian Era. capital of the United Kingdom Lutterworth, 1936. McLeod, Hugh. Religion and Society in England, 1850-1914. London MacMillan, 1996.

Policing Trends and Issues Essay

* History and roles of law enforcement in society.During the history of Law Enforcement the transaction of guard is to maintain order, dealing with lawbreakers. At the equal time, citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society. With the pass of the time, throughout the Law Enforcement knowledge base, organized police department have change dramatically. In addition, the modern style police departments did non appear until the fourteenth century in France and nineteenth century in England. Moreover, the first police officers were Praetorian Guard, who was a select group of highly qualified members of the military established by the Roman emperor Augustus to protect him and his palace. During the 1829, Sir Robert Peel credited with establishing the first English police department which was the London metropolitan Police. At the same time, during the seventeenth century English policing system also used a form of individual, private police kn own them also resembling the Thief-takers.The Thief-Takers were private English citizens with no official status who were paid by the king for every sorry they arrested. The roles of law enforcement in society are lamentable apprehension, conviction, and crime prevention. Throughout the history and roles of law enforcement many things have changed for example the treatment and punishments for offenders. In the past offenders were treat as animals and slaves, because while in prison they cannot communicate each other, during meal, and work. Moreover, during that time they have very strict rules, such as silent obedience, discipline, and labor, which they have to follow, and many offenders died inside of the prison as a result of brutal treatment.Now, offenders receive a different treatments and punishments, they are able to have communication with their inmates, and they do not receive brutal treatment same animals. They also form their gang members and sells drugswhile in priso n. Then, during the 1980s and 1990s included the development of a computer revolution in policing involving communications, record keeping, fingerprinting, and criminal investigations. * Levels of jurisdiction.Police has jurisdiction and their city sheriff has jurisdiction over the county. * Distinction among the multiple functions of modern law enforcement agencies. * Analysis of historical events that have shaped modern policing practices. last(prenominal) II Scenario1. Throughout the history of police agencies, there have been different traditions surrounding how to handle DUI stops. If you were on routine patrol and stopped a vehicle on reasonable suspicion of driving while intoxicated, and discovered that the passenger was your next door neighbor, what would you do? Historically, how would law enforcement handle this type of situation versus now? First at all, I will not care if he/she is my next door neighbor or even a family member, because I call for to become a police o fficer to protect and help my community without existence corrupt.Then, I would do the right thing, without caring who is committing a DUI stop because my business organization is serving as a police officer and treat all people equal. I will handle this type of situation by postulation for their license, insurance, and registration. In my opinion I think that law enforcement in the past should act violent, with the people. On the other hand, comparing it with today police officers should just fill for their license, insurance and registration, without any aggression against people.2. You are on foot patrol and a citizen who is known to be a drug dealer walks up to you and complains that some other officer is talking m iodiny from him. He is afraid of retaliation and is unsure how to handle this. What is the good and professional response to this, and wherefore?3. You are on duty and having lunch. While you are eating, a citizen walks up to you and tells you that the bank acr oss the street is being robbed. How do you respond? Who has jurisdiction and why?4. You have recently immaculate field training and are on routine patrol when you receive a call to a disturbance in a home, when you arrive, you realize that one of the individuals involved is threatening suicide. You have not been trained to deal with suicide threats. How do you respond?5. You are on routine patrol and you notice devil individuals on the street looking inside of jewelry store. It is 85 degrees out in the middle of July and they are both wearing heavy winter coats. formulate which Supreme Court case would apply and what you would do in this situation.6. You are recruit that has just graduated from the academy. It is your first week being trained on the street. You and your Field Training Officer walk into a department store and you observe him taking an item without paying for it. You leave that store and on your office out he tells you that if you are questioned by anyone, you did not see anything. What do you do in this situation?Part III summary Reactions* How do ethical decisions pass into the profession of policing? Ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing. In other words, ethical decisions are a set of standards that tell us how we should behave at all times. In addition, no one stands without a code of morals everyone has to follow their code of ethics based on their positions. For example, ethics are more than what we must do its doing what we should do following a code of ethics which requires self control at all times. Moreover, ethical decisions tie into the profession of policing by doing the right thing and seeing the difference between the right and wrong thing. These ethical decisions are very significant in the field of policing because each ethical decision has consequences. For example, when you do the right thing you can gain sacrifice, pride, integrity, reputation, honor, respect, caring, responsib ility and satisfaction than doing an unethical decision and having bad consequences for your career.* In the scenarios above, and in general, why do you think it is important to maintain ethical and professional demeanor in the workplace at all times. It is important tomaintain ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all time, because it help you to have self-control, give fairness for all, and because it affects our workplace or business. Another reason of why ethical and professional behavior is important in the workplace at all times is important is because having a good conduct helps maintain a high level of respect not only for people but for the profession you have. In other words, as a professional, you need to know the things you should not do because each workplace has a different ethical code of behavior that has to be follow and not to be violate.On the other hand, being honest, having respect and telling the truth all times at work is an ethical thing to d o. Maintaining an ethical and professional behavior in the workplace at all times, have benefits, which are helpful such as respect, integrity, and honor. Also each professional behavior has a result of progress, and success. Then, having an ethical and professional behavior is important because if you chose a career in criminal justice you have to serve and protect people from criminals by doing the right thing not by being corrupt. * Describe why it is important to understand the function of law enforcement within the criminal justice and how understanding this can better prepare you for a career within the criminal justice field. For example, if you chosen career function is corrections, how does law enforcement work with the correctional system in ensuring justice is served?

Capital Punishment in the Bahamas

Section Capital Punishment The Bahamas hanged 50 men since 1929 according to records kept at Her highnesss Prison. Five were hanged under the Ingraham administration 13 were hanged under the Pindling government, and 32 inmates were executed between 1929 and 1967. The last act of capital punishment in The Bahamas took redact on January 6, 2000 when convicted murderer David Mitchel was executed by hanging.Mitchel was convicted of stabbing two German tourists to death. (Nassau Guardian, published August 27, 2012) A report released by the Inter-American Commission on kind Rights (IACHR) encourages The Bahamas and other members of the Caribbean which maintain the death penalty to impose a moratorium on execution. The IACHR also urged The Bahamas to ratify the protocols of the American Convention on Human Rights in abolishing or reintroduce its application.In 2006 the Privy Council ruling determined that the mandatory death article of faith was unconstitutional in The Bahamas. Because o f this many inmates at Her Majestys Prison who were previously under the death penalty had their sentence commuted to life in prison, received other sentences or had their sentences overturned on appeal. Some inmates had been under the death sentence since the 1990s.In 2011, Parliament passed a law that outlines the categories of murder and states which would have the death penalty attached. The Privy Council ruled that the worst cases of murder is carefully planned and carried out in furtherance of another crime, such as robbery, rape, drug smuggling, human struggling, kidnapping, preventing witnesses from testifying, serial killing, as well as the killing of innocents for the gratification of base desires. (Nassau Guardian, published June 21, 2011)

Object-oriented programming Essay

Now days, in a highly technological society, pitying productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in bringing up, one way to globalize the abut of research is to realized that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers atomic number 18 not confined to being used for entertainment but its component in education is also vast. Library is derived from the old French libraries which means a collection of book.Reading material in a give instruction are stored in libraries. Library is place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and retained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in whatever format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for m onitoring every last(predicate) the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers.This project is concerned with developing a Library Inventory Management System using object oriented programming. In this formation the subroutine program library management becomes more efficient and easier to handle with its reliable system components. Many Library System are operated manually by group of people. In such situations many people in the process of managing the library such away that to keep records regarding to students or barrowers, check the books normally, keep records on issued books etc. The proponents use the visual basic as a basic programming language in a developing the system.Macromedia Flash will also be used for the excogitation of the system. Related literature of Computerized Library system A library computer system is the software used to catalog, track circulation (where appropriate) and inventory a librarys assets. It is intended for home, church, private enterprise or other small to medium sized collections. Larger, First World libraries will typically use an integrated library system to manage the more complex activities such as acquisitions and the reference in book.Schools set the various pedagogical changes to achieve the current level of education in other countries. Because of the growing numbers of computer substance abusers, this became an effective medium to demonstrate the knowledge and skills of the students. From the traditional searching process for the books in the libraries, the interactive habit of computers can be now addressed as part of the library system. Reason of Choice Project The proponents create this system to develop a system that can handle and manage the activities involved in library in an efficient and reliable way.Less managing personnel and easy searching availability and user profile managing are major goals in this project. The project is to develop a system that can replace the manual library ma naging system and developing a database which stores user details and book details. In addition, give reliable search facility for the users. Administrator, Librarian and Users should separate. Logins and create an easy to understand user friendly environment. mustiness important is to have an attractive user interfaces to navigate through the system for the users. Management Information System.Information systems play a crucial role in the management of any contemporary enterprise such as a small, medium or large organization a profit making or a social service set up a public or a private sector undertaking and an upcoming or an completed business house. The fast changing scene of liberalization, competition and globalization combined with a never before seen emphasis on quality, timeliness, innovation, customer orientation and skill puts a premium on spotless, superfast and timely dissemination of information across the globe.The unprecedented developments in computing and c ommunication technologies have indeed made such demands translatable into realizable goals. In simple terms, MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS) is a computer based system that provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data. Since management involves decision making and decisions have to be supported by accurate data, information systems should help management in decision making. Not all the data or information generated by computers is useful for management. Thus MIS is a philosophy which is far deeper and complex than the mundane processing of large amounts of corporate data by computer.

A Global Overview of a Fast Relief Market

A Project Report On A Global Overview Of A FAST RELIEF Market Submitted in Partial fulfilment for the requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administproportionn (Inter interpret Business) from SUS College of engineering and technology,Tangori, Mohali.. Under the Guidance of Submitted to Mr. SUNIL Mr. ANIL Mr. PANKAJ SIR Submitted By NANCY GOYAL MBA Acknowledgement I am truly ofttimes thankful to Mr. Karun Narang (MD, eastern Medikit Ltd. ) and Mr. D.Tyagi (AGM, easterly Medikit Ltd) who al meeked me to undergo summer training in their esteemed organization. This report deserves the special mention of few wees, Mr. SUNIL PALand Mr. ANIL KUMAR SINGH , who command me only the way and jockstraped me at each of the stage. They helped me to gain knowledge astir(predicate) the various aspects of their organization. They sh bed their professional experiences, which get out be very much reclaimable for me in the long run. I would like to give a bunch of thanks to Mr. Bhupe ndra Singh, Mr. Krishna Sharma, Mr. V. P. Joshi, Mr. Jagmohan Roy, Mr. Pankaj Pandey, Mr. Amit Sharma, Mr. Guru Prasad, Mr. Pradeep Dua, Mr.Kunjal Patel, Mr. Ajay Sharma, Miss Piyali Chakraborty and Mr. Ankkur who helped me to improve my research work. I can not halt to thank all those the great unwashed who directly or indirectly cooperated me during my training period. NANCY GOYAL SUS C. E. T TANGORI MOHALI.. INDEX * Introduction What is Fast Relief Medikits fast-flying backup man flesh out Competitors and Their Profile * SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis * Competitive analysis * Marketing mix * Strategies * Costs * Media costs eastern Medikit Ltd Medikit is the Indias too largest medical device export guild Medikit has 5 manufacturing facilities in and around Gurgaon, covering 125,000 sq. ft with 25,000 sq. ft as class 10,000 and class 1,00,000 clean rooms. Our organisational strengths argon rooted within Medikits unique flexibility to evolve and improve products and processes b y deployment of globally competent manufacturing practices.Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsWith ongoing in-house study of proprietary equipment and manufacturing techniques, our research and learning activities along with our exclusive design and discip musical note centre visit that Medikit is customer-driven and stays ahead, always. FAST RELIEF exposition Fast relief is a disorder reliever product of medikit ltd. It is a extra strong painful sensation reliever product. The main competitors of this is MOOV and HIMANI FAST RELIEF.. The vernal launched product fast relief has a unique and ayurvedic composition elements.. like Oil of wintergreen 15. 0%Pudina ka phool 5% Tarpin tel 3% Nilgiri tel 2% Base (bees wax) q. s. All these ingredients provides sootthing heating system to relieve pain instantly.. which is the requirement. Purpose The purpose of this product is basically to give relief instantly from the backache pain. It works with its special ingredients to give reli ef from the backache. Its main purpose is to give warmth and soothing feeling at the pain area and to give quick relief.It works like a miracle at the pain.. Companys Product Details MedifinTM FAST RELIEF from MEDIKIT Geographic MarketsDELHI , UP, MUMBAI, VARANASI, CHENNAI, BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH, LUCKNOW.. Product Details Benefits Being in topical form it is devoid of all undesireable effects of oral route.. So it helps to hold open the valid effects. Soft and therapeutic. Gives instant relief. Starts work immediately after application. Complies with standard and quality norms. Attractive design and coloured packaging. Gives satisfaction quickly.. Gives soothing warmth. To improve the frame muscles so that relive remains for more time. No sideeffects . An ayurvedic cure. Topical preparation gives therapeutic effects only at the site of application thats local anaesthetic relief.. Cheap and economical. Specially for common man. MARKETING OF THE PRODUCT.. INTRODU CTION.. MARKETING IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT ASPECT OF ANY BUSINESS AND SO WE WOULD ANALYSE VARIOUS MARKETING STRATEGIES generally PEST ANALYSIS AND SWOT ANALYSIS , COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS ARE BEEN DONE AND EXPLAINED IN THERE..MARKET SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING.. DELHI,UP,MUMBAI, VARANASI,BRALIEY,CHENNAI,BANGLORE, CHANDIGARH,LUCKNOW,MP,CALCUTTA. AGE- ABOVE 30 YEARS. GENDER- SPECIALLY FOR FEMALES. FAMILY SIZE- FOR BOTH capacious AND NUCLEAR FAMILIES SOCIO ECO CLASS- MIDDLE AND LOWER MIDDLE CLASS. PEST ANALYSIS.. Pest analysis stands for political,economical,social,and,technological analysis of macroenviornmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. it is a part of the external analysis when onducting a strategic analysis or doing market place research and gives a certain overview of the different macroenviornmental factors that the familiarity has to get a line into the consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market issue or decline, cable position, likely,and direction for operations.. POLITICAL- Govt support. , no risk for unlisted brands. ECONOMIC- It is cheap and economical.. as it is lendable in different-different small packaging. It enhances the GDP growth and liberlisation.SOCIAL- Its is a innovative product suits the demands of the changing preferences of the society. It is suitable for the gestates and aspirations of the common individual. TECHNOLOGICAL- It is made by the use of better technological machines. It has given a quality packaging with double lamination on the outer and inner area of the tube. SWOT ANALYSIS. Swot analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture..STRENGTHS- It is an ayurvedic product. It is quick and instant pain reliever than any early(a) relief balm. Its branding is fabulous and standardized Its channels of distri scarcelyion and dedicated Employe es working for its successful promotion. A huge great(p) investment.. WEAKNESS- It is a radical product in the market. It has imprint market plow now. OPPORTUNITIES- at that place is a huge market demanding transmutation And form.Changing tastes and preferences of consumers. THREATS- The problem of brand loyality and brainpower of Consumres regarding a specific product and its Quality. Popularity of emulous brands like moov. The condition of market is too a big threat. . POSITIONING STRATEGY.. The positioning strategy is an effective and Copernican instrument for a business venture and for the product as easily. As it causes the success of the product.. FAST RELIEF AN AYURVEDIC CURE FOR YOUR PAINThe positioning strategy should be strong and effective enough to make the product strong and popular.. TARGET AUDIENCE The main target audience are middle class family and low midlle class family woman, who works in the offices as well as in homes and have no time to go to docto rs for their ignorable backaches.. INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Definition The Indian pharmaceutic industry is a success story providing employment for millions and ensuring that essential drugs at affordable prices are available to the vast population of this sub-continent. Richard GersterThe Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of Indias science- groundingd industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A extremely organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4. 5 one thousand million, growing at near 8 to 9 part annually. It ranks very extravagantly in the third mankind, in confiness of technology, quality and cranial orbit of euphonys manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine is now made indigenously.Playing a key image in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and umteen units pass by regulatory authorities in USA and UK. International companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 family units and helped to put India on the pharmaceutical map of the world. The Indian Pharmaceutical sector is risquely fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the perish two decades.The direct 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the countrys demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. there are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 main(prenominal) Public arena Units).These units produce the complete lay out of pharmaceutical formulations, i. e. , medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs, i. e. , chemicals having therapeutic protect and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. chase(a) the de-licensing of the pharmaceutical industry, industrial licensing for most of the drugs and pharmaceutical products has been done away with. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the do drugs Control Authority.Technologically strong and quantityly self-reliant, the pharmaceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low R&D costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing balance of trade. The Pharmaceutical Industry, with its rich scientific talents and research capabilities, supported by Intellectual Property Protection regime is well mark to pass wa ter on the multinational market. ADVANTAGE IN INDIA Competent workforce India has a pool of personnel with high managerial and technical competence as to a fault skilled workforce.It has an educated work force and English is commonly used. Professional services are easily available. Cost-effective chemical synthesis Its racecourse testify of development, particularly in the area of improved cost-beneficial chemical synthesis for various drug molecules is excellent. It provides a wide variety of bulk drugs and exports sophisticated bulk drugs. licit & fiscal Framework India has a 53 syndicate old democracy and hence has a solid legal framework and strong financial markets. There is already an ceremonious international industry and business fellowship.Information & Technology It has a good network of world-class educational institutions and complete strengths in Information Technology. globalization The country is affiliated to a free market economy and globalization. Above all, it has a 70 million middle class market, which is continuously growing. Consolidation For the offset time in many years, the international pharmaceutical industry is finding great opportunities in India. The process of consolidation, which has become a generalized phenomenon in the world pharmaceutical industry, has started taking place in India.THE GROWTH SCENARIO Indias US$ 3. 1 billion pharmaceutical industry is growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Over 20,000 registered pharmaceutical manufacturers exist in the country. The domestic pharmaceuticals industry output is expected to exceed Rs260 billion in the financial year 2002, which accounts for merely 1. 3% of the global pharmaceutical sector. Of this, bulk drugs give account for Rs 54 bn (21%) and formulations, the remaining Rs 210 bn (79%).In financial year 2001, imports were Rs 20 bn slice exports were Rs87 bn. The above graph sees the percentage of pharmaceutical products export by various countries. (SOURCE Competitiveness of the Indian pharmaceutical industry in the new product unvarnished regime a report by FICCI) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT do drugs discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery.Modern biotechnology lots focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or Biochemistry. A great helping hand of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions. Drug development refers to activities under assumen after a compound is identified as a potential drug in order to establish its suitability as a medication. Objectives of drug development are to determine appropriate Formulation and Dos ing, as well as to establish safety.Research in these areas generally includes a combination of in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. The amount of gravid required for late stage development has made it a historical strength of the larger pharmaceutical companies Often, large multinational corporations exhibit vertical integration, participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution. Smaller organizations, on the early(a) hand, much focus on a specific aspect such(prenominal) as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations.Often, collaborative agreements between research organizations and large pharmaceutical companies are to explore the potential of new drug substances formed The cost of mutation Drug discovery and development is very expensive of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are last approved in most nations by government appo inted medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries.Each year, only about 25 truly novel drugs (New chemical entities) are approved for marketing. This compliment comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way with this process often incur large costs, small-arm generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (New chemical entity or NCE), has been estimated at about 1 billion USD.A study by the consulting hearty Bain Company reported that the cost for discovering, developing and launching (which factored in marketing and other business expenses) a new drug (along with the prospective drugs that fail) rose over a five year period to nearly $1. 7 billion in 2003. These estimates alike take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approving of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense.Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop. The consumer advocacy group Public Citizen suggests on its web site that the actual cost is under $200 million, about 29% of which is spent on FDA-required clinical trials. For me-too-drugs and for generics, the cost are even less. Calculations and claims in this area are controversial because of the implications for regulation and subsidization of the industry through federally funded research grants.Controversy about drug development and testing There have been increasing accusations and findings that clinical trials conducted or funded by pharmaceutical companies are much more likely to report positive results for the preferred medication. In response to public outcry about specific cases in which unfavorable information from pharmaceutical company-sponsored research was suppressed, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of the States have published new guidelines urging companies to report all findings and limit the financial involvement in drug companies of researchers.As a result of this public outcry and Pharma response the US recounting signed into law a bill which requires variant II and phase III clinical trials to be registered by the sponsor on the NIH website Drug researchers not directly employed by pharmaceutical companies often look to companies for grants, and companies often look to researchers for studies that exit make their products look favorable. Sponsored researchers are rewarded by drug companies, for example with support for their conference/symposium costs.Lecture scripts and even journal articles presented by academic researchers whitethorn actually be ghost-written by pharmaceutical companies. Some researchers who have tried to reveal ethical issues with clinical trials or who tried to publish papers that show harmful effects of new drugs or cheaper alternatives have been threatened by drug companies with lawsuits. Product approval in the US In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the FDA as being some(prenominal) safe and effective.This process generally involves submission of an Investigational new drug register with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include Pharmacokinetics and Dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. A fourth phase of post-approval surveillance is also often require d due to the fact that even the largest clinical trials cannot effectively predict the prevalence of rare side-effects.Post-marketing surveillance ensures that after marketing the safety of a drug is monitored closely. In certain instances, its indication may need to be limited to particular patient groups, and in others the substance is withdrawn from the market completely. Questions draw out to be raised regarding the standard of both the initial approval process, and subsequent changes to product labeling (it may take many months for a change identified in post-approval surveillance to be reflected in product labeling) and this is an area where congress is active. The FDA provides information about approved drugs at the Orange Book site. In the UK, the British topic Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians. Orphan drugs There are special rules for certain rare diseases (orphan diseases) involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger popu lations in certain circumstances. Because medical research and development of drugs to portion out such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.Industry revenues For the first time ever, in 2006, global spending on prescription drugs topped $643 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United States accounts for almost half of the global pharmaceutical market, with $289 billion in annual sales followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, South Korea and Mexico outpaced that market, growing a huge 81 percent. US addition growth was maintained even whilst other top industries saw slowed or no growth. Despite this, .. he pharmaceutical industry is and has been for years the most pelfable of all businesses in the U. S. In the annual Fo rtune 500 survey, the pharmaceutical industry topped the list of the most profitable industries, with a return of 17% on revenue. Pfizers cholesterol pill Lipitor remains the best-selling drug in the world for the fifth year in a row. Its annual sales were $12. 9 billion, more than twice as much as its nearest competitors Plavix, the blood thinner from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis Nexium, the heartburn pill from AstraZeneca and Advair, the asthma inhaler from GlaxoSmithKline.IMS Health publishes an analysis of trends expected in the pharmaceutical industry in 2007, including increasing loot in most sectors despite loss of some patents, and new blockbuster drugs on the horizon. Teradata Magazine predicted that by 2007, $40 billion in U. S. sales could be bemused at the top 10 pharma companies as a result of slowdown in R&D innovation and the expiry of patents on study products, with 19 blockbuster drugs losing patent. STEPS TO STRENGTHEN THE INDUSTRY Indian companies need to attain the right product-mix for sustained emerging growth.Core competencies will play an important role in determining the future of many Indian pharmaceutical companies in the post product-patent regime after 2005. Indian companies, in an effort to consolidate their position, will have to increasingly look at merger and acquisition options of either companies or products. This would help them to offset loss of new product options, improve their R&D efforts and improve distribution to penetrate markets. Research and development has always taken the back seat amongst Indian pharmaceutical companies.In order to stay competitive in the future, Indian companies will have to refocus and invest heavily in R&D. The Indian pharmaceutical industry also ask to take advantage of the recent advances in biotechnology and information technology. The future of the industry will be determined by how well it markets its products to several regions and distributes risks, its forward and u nwilling integration capabilities, its R&D, its consolidation through mergers and acquisitions, co-marketing and licensing agreements. INTRODUCTION TO EASTERN MEDIKIT LTDCOMPANY PROFILE A company empowered by one mission to place itself on the world map. An enterprise propelled by one force-that synergizes its energies to charter unexplored markets. Organizations fuelled by one dream-to transform competition into opportunity. east Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. was incorporated in June 1961, in the name of M/S LEPITIT EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD and it commenced its business in MARCH 1962, in technical and financial collaboration with an international company named LEPTIT SPA, MILAN, ITALY.easterly Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. merged with Leptit Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. in 1962 Eastern Medikit Ltd and company also merged with this company in 1966. The collaboration arrangement with M/S LEPTIT was terminated in 1966 after which Indian nationals acqu ired the whole share capital of the company. Therefore the word Leptit was removed from the name of the company. The name is known as EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED. In 1973 the company issued shares to the general public and became a full(a) fledged PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY.Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd has emerged as a Leading Pharmaceutical Company on the Indian sloppedament, with the second largest market share and enjoys an enviable reputation for its high standard of ethics and quality around its core strength of anti-infective, it has produced new brands in emerging therapeutic areas like cardiovascular, rudimentary nervous system and nutritional. supporting this expansion, the company has invested in world class manufacturing infra grammatical construction that leverages Indias comparative cost advantage and skilled manpower, while delivering international quality.The companys drive for Internationalism is guided by the well planned brand strategy that covers some o f the world emerging markets like China, cis, Central Europe and Latin America . Its position today is in league of the Top Ten Pharmaceutical companies of three world an decent ranking as the eleventh largest company in the international generics space is the resounding endorsement of its strategic mind. It is clear that for a long time, the dominant share of revenues of the company would continue to come from the ever expanding global generics market.Hence the intent of Eastern Medikit Ltd mission is to achieve a sustained growth rate through the continuous pursuit of innovation phase one trials for pervasion, a compound for treating prosthetic males have been completed. Phase 1 trials with clafrinast, an asthma compound is an important footprint towards research based value creation. This company also had success with Ciplofloxacine, an ingenious form, created through the novel drug delivery systems research.As the demand of the bulk drugs inside the country and abroad was incre asingly chop-chop a new, plant was set up at Toansa near Ropar in 1987. This was a higher capacity plant designed to cater to the present and future needs, initially antibiotics like Ampicillin, Trihydrate and Doxycycline were manufactured. Later, on the other drugs like Cephalexin monohydrate and Ranitidine were also prepared. The plant at Toansa was designed to meet the stringent standards set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U. S. A.This plant has been approved by FDA and this will open up American and other newer markets for Eastern Medikit Ltds products At present Eastern Medikit Ltd have four plants for the manufacture of bulk drugs two at Mohali, one at Dewas (M. P) AND some other at Toansa near ROPAR. At present, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the second most Indian company engaged in the manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs and Fine Chemicals. EASTERN MEDIKIT LTDs vast range of highly pure testing ground reagent and chemicals enjoy a place of pride in the mar ket.IT trends, has rebuilt As a step towards leveraging information for value creation using its information pillar around an ERP application, along the focus on reengineering several business processes around the internet and has putting place business solutions that challenge existing ways of doing Business. The unfailing spirit of the companys human assets and their intensive competitive and entrepreneurial energy has played a great part in transforming the company into a multicultural and multiracial team.Today, Eastern Medikit Ltd is the largest exporter accounting for 12% of the industry exports pharmaceutical substance and dots forms to over 50 countries with the internationals sales comprising of 45% of the total turnover. VISION GARUDA During the year 2002, the company has evolved a 10-year vision till 2012, for sustaining significant growth consistent with its mission to be an international research based Pharmaceutical Company, under the statute title Vision Garuda, w ith increasing emphasis on Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research (DDR).In licensing and out licensing, relationship with other important pharmaceutical entities, expansion of manufacturing facilities both in India and strategic overseas locations, revamping of organisational buildings to cater to the wider and more dispersed span of operations, and streamlining and standardizing the business processes through out the global organization, are other areas that accept focus and attention of management on priority. Mission To become a Research based International pharmaceutical company Vision-2012 Achieve significant business inProprietary prescription products By 2012 With a strong presence in developed markets Aspirations-2012 Aspire to be a$5 billion company Become a Top 5 global generics player Significant income from Proprietary products BOARD OF DIRECTORS At the helm entire operations is the experience and able direction of the people who make it all happen. Eastern Medikit Ltd a cknowledges their inspiring stewardship and indefatigable work. * Mr. Tejendra Khanna(Chairman) * Mr. D. S. Brar (CEO $ Managing Director) * Mr. V. K. Kaul (Whole Time Director) * Dr.Brian Tempest (Whole Time Director) * Mr. Surendera Daulet Singh * Mr. Harpal Singh * Mr J. W. Balani * Mr. N. Kampani * Mr. V. Bharat Ram * Mr. Vivek Mehra Mr. Tejendra Khanna Mr. Tejendra Khanna was elected Chairman at a meeting of the be on of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited held at New Delhi, on July 5, 1999. Mr. Khanna, former Commerce Secretary to the Government of India, and a former Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is widely regarded as an expert in International Trade and Public Administration. Mr. D. S. BrarHe was instrumental in developing the Pharmaceutical exports business of the company in early 80s, which later(prenominal) became synonymous with major growth and expansion of companys portfolio. In addition to the International business, he looked after the animate bei ng health care & OTC businesses of the company. In 1986, he took over the Pharma business in India along with Chemical Manufacturing Operations. In early 90s he led the companys expansion into overseas markets creating joint ventures, affiliates and subsidiaries in major countries like China, Russia, U. K. , South Africa and the USA.In 1996, he took over as the President of the company. Mr. V. K. Kaul Graduated in 1964 (B. Sc. Hons, Physics) from Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Mr. V. K Kaul join the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India F. C. A. He is recognised in the industry for his vast experience and variegated knowledge. Dr Brian W. Tempest Dr Tempest joined Eastern Medikit Ltd as regional Director- Europe, CIS & Africa in 1995 and subsequently took charge of Eastern Medikit Ltds worldwide pharmaceuticals business as President-Pharmaceuticals in the year 2000. In July 2001 he was appointed on the dining table of Directors of Eastern Medikit Ltd.Dr. Tempest, 54, h as worked in the Pharmaceutical Industry for 28 years, bringing in a wealth of global pharmaceutical experience and expertise. He has worked with leading multi-national companies crosswise several international markets including USA, Japan, Europe, China and other countries in Africa and Asia-Pacific. His unique combination of experience with both research-based and generic companies will be an asset in private road the companys growth in times ahead. Dr. Tempest is a Bachelor of Science with Honors from Aston University, specializing in Chemistry.He followed it up with a PhD in Polymer Chemistry from Lancaster University. Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh Mr. Malvinder Mohan Singh is an Honors Graduate in political economy from Delhi University followed by a Masters Degree in Business Administration from Duke University, USA. He started his career with the American Express Bank and joined Eastern Medikit Ltd in May 1998. After holding several positions in the Company, has been appointed a s President Pharmaceuticals and Whole-time Director, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited effective January 1, 2004OPERATING JOINT VENTURES AND SUBSIDIARIES BRAZILEastern Medikit Ltd S. P. Medicamentos Ltd. CHINAEastern Medikit Ltd (Guangzhou China) Ltd. EGYPTEastern Medikit Ltd Egypt Ltd. GERMANY Basics Gmb H. HONG KONGEastern Medikit Ltd (Hong Kong) Ltd. INDIARexcel pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Solus pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Vidyut Travel Services ltd. IRELANDEastern Medikit Ltd Ireland Ltd. MALAYSIAEastern Medikit Ltd (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. NETHERLANDSEastern Medikit Ltd Pharmaceuticals B. V. NIGERIAEastern Medikit Ltd Nigeria Ltd. PANAMAEastern Medikit Ltd Panama SA.POLANDEastern Medikit Ltd Poland Sp. Zo. SOUTH AFRICAEastern Medikit Ltd (SA) (Pty. ) Ltd. THAILANDUnichem pharmaceuticals LTD. , Unichem Distributors Ltd. Part, Eastern Medikit Ltd Unichem CO. Ltd. U. KEastern Medikit Ltd (UK) Ltd USA Eastern Medikit Ltd pharmaceuticals Inc. Ohm Laboratories Inc. , Eastern Medikit Ltd Sch ein Pharma, LLC VIETNAM Eastern Medikit Ltd Vietnam Company Ltd. ALLIED BUSINESSES Eastern Medikit Ltd Animal Health The Animal Health naval division saw an encouraging growth despite the prevailing poor market conditions.The division grew at twice the growth rate enter in the industry. On the basis of having a vast dome satiated animal population, the livestock, poultry business and pets business are among the fastest growing sectors in India. A vast infrastructure of veterinary colleges, agricultural institutes, technologists and researchers are helping farmers to source healthy, cost effective products. In conjunction with the present scenario, the AHC division of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has introduced several latest generation products. Eastern Medikit Ltd Fine Chemicals Limited (RFCL)The division ranked 4th in the industry and captured 11% market share. RANKEM is established as a powerful brand, RFCLs brand for its range of Reagents is now synonymous with exc ellence in reagents and fine chemicals in the country. The focus of business remains on developing extensive customer relations enhancing service directs and enriching the product mix with the help of a qualified and competent marketing and sales team diagnostics The diagnostics division has aggressively focused on market expansion activities based on strategy of reliability, quality products and efficient service.Introduction of products in Point of charge markets has expanded market presence and over the next 1 2 years this segment will see considerable expansion in line with world trends. The Dade Behring segment has increased its installation base by 60% in leading hospitals and laboratories. Plans are afoot for the introduction of more parameters for the Point of forethought market and the launch of Special Chemistries, a range of drug assays, plus an entry into automated microbiology in both the Base and Dade Behring business areas. The company has also witnessed significa nt milestones in the area of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS).The company has entered into strategic business arrangements with companies such as Bayer AG, Glaxo-Wellcome, Eli-Lilly etc. for production and co-marketing operations. many innovative developments have been taking place in recent times. The companys research team is capable of developing one NDDS product every 12 to 18 months. Also, two new products Roletra-D and Altiva-D, will soon be launched in India. In order to expand and promote global growth, the company opened several new markets during the year, notably in Brazil, where 25 filings were undertaken in a span of 2-3 months.The company has planned to build and protect intellectual property with the help of IPC, which addresses all matters pertaining to patents. CQA supervises the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) and ensures compliance to corporate quality assurance policy in all technological operations of the organization. The company is com mitted to invest 6% of the sales in R and D by 2003, of which 7% of the expenditure will be earmarked for research on New Drug Discovery and Novel Drug Delivery Systems.There will be continuous emphasis on augmenting R and D finishance and productiveness with advanced scientific and technological tools. VALUES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LIMITED 1. Achieving customer satisfaction is fundamental to their business. 2. Practice dignity and right in relationships and provide opportunities for people to realize their full potential. 3. Ensure profitable growth and enhance wealth of shareholders. 4. Foster mutually beneficial relationships with all their business partners. 5. Manage their operations with c erstrn for safety and environment. 6.Be a responsible corporate citizen. OBJECTIVES OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. To be a leader in the Pharmaceutical industry. 2. To be a profitable company with a steady growth in earnings. 3. To set an example as a socially res ponsible company. 4. To diversify in health care related areas. 5. To strive for excellence and continuous improvement in all spheres. 6. To improve the quality of life of people by providing better services and quality products. surroundings, Health and Safety EHS Caring for the Environment is a core corporate value and as a part of this commitment.The Company enunciated its EHS policy in 1993. The Companys EHS policy provides for the creation of a safe and healthy workplace and a clean environment for employees and the community. It aims at higher international standards in plant design, equipment selection, alimentation and operations. The policy seeks to manufacture products safely and in an environmentally responsible manner. The implementation of the EHS Policy is ensured by institutionalizing a robust EHS Management system, adequately supported by well defined organizational structure.As a part of EHS processes at the corporate level, besides laying down guidelines on syste ms, policy and training, the corporate EHS office monitors compliance, maintains and disseminates information on laws and regulations. EHS performance reassessment meetings are held on regular basis to monitor the progress against agreed EHS improvement plans. Close cooperation between all units and individuals is the key to maintaining high standards of environment bulwark and safety in all the plants.The key processes at location level comprise of regular safety surveillance, inspections & audits, Permit to work system for operational / maintenance safety, Fire prevention & protection activities, operation of the ETP/Incinerator, disposal activities related to hazardous wastes, regular monitoring of the environment internally and also through approved laboratories. monthly reports address EHS initiatives, compliance & various records under the statutory requirement, training of employees including contract employees on EHS awareness, interaction with the residential associations/ nearby community etc. celebration of National safety day, fire day, Environment day etc. for EHS awareness among employees. The manufacturing facilities for bulk drugs and dosage forms assent with the stringent requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and are approved by International health and regulatory Agencies like FDA USA, MCA UK, WHO etc. These practices and approvals ensure that an effective framework is always in place, not only for manufacture of high quality products, but also for effective use of resources and reduction of wastes as well as high safety & hygienics standards.Eastern Medikit Ltd has made significant improvements in process safety of the existing manufacturing facilities by providing extensive instrumented safety protection systems. The intended safety features are incorporated in the basic design of the new projects. Investments have been made on process improvements as well as effluent treatment plant up-gr adation using the latest membrane based technology, multi-effect thermal evaporation system and state-of-the-art Incinerator. These investments have helped to reduce discharges of contaminants into the environment.With the facilities installed at Toansa for recycling of the treated effluent, the site has achieved the status of zero discharge site. The Company also engages with the have-to doe with authorities and industry in devising responsible laws, regulations and standards and thus making safety, occupational health & environmental information and expertise available to its employees and the community at large. Eastern Medikit Ltd has made EHS concerns and practices a necessary factor in appraising its employee performance.The Company also accords a very high priority to hygiene monitoring at work place and health assessment of all employees at site. The plant and processes are continuously upgraded to improve hygiene and health standards. requirement training is imparted to the employees to enhance their awareness towards health related matters. Safety knowledge of the employees is constantly updated through various external and in-house training programs, including special training programs by overseas experts & consultants.Moving up the value chain, the company identified Consumer Healthcare as its new business area in the year 2001. Eastern Medikit Ltd Global Consumer Healthcare (RGCH) was launched in October 2002 with a portfolio of 4 switch brands Revital, Pepfiz, Gesdyp & Garlic Pearls. Since these brands were already popular amongst consumers and represented the leading common ailment categories like VMS (Vitamins & Minerals Supplement), this portfolio was carefully created for the introduction of RGCH to the Indian market.Subsequently in 2004, RGCH launched its first herbal range of products through New Age Herbals (NAH) with products offering remedy in categories of Cough & Cold (Olesan Oil & Cough Syrups) and desire Stimulant (Eat Ease). VAR IOUS DIVISIONS OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD LABORATORIES LTD. 1. Chemical Division 2. Diagnostic Division 3. Stan care Division 4. Curradia Division 5. International Division 6. Pharmaceutical Division 7. technological Division 8. Corporate Division 9. Animal Health Care Division DIVISIONS IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS 1. India and Middle East 2. Europe, CIS and Africa 3.Asia Pacific and Latin America 4. North America JOINT VENTURE OF THE COMPANY. 2000Eastern Medikit Ltd files IND Application for Asthma Molecule- RBx4638, after successful completion of pre-clinical studies. Eastern Medikit Ltd acquires Bayers Generics business (trading under the give of Basics) in Germany. Eastern Medikit Ltd forays into Brazil, the largest pharmaceutical market in South America and achieves global sales of U. S. $ 2. 5 million in this market. 2001Eastern Medikit Ltd took a significant step forward in Vietnam by initiating the Setting up of a new manufacturing facility with an investment of U.S. $ 10 mi llion. Eastern Medikit Ltd achieved a turnover of U. S. $ 502 million for the year 2002 and moved closer to achieving a target of 1 billion dollar by 2004. 2002Receives approval from FDA to market Midazolam Hydrochloride Syrup 2 Mg base/ ml. Eastern Medikit Ltd receives and approval from FDA to manufacture and market Cefpodoxime Proxetil for Oral Suspension, Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets Us, Terazosin Hydrochloride Capsules and Amoxcillin Oral suspension USP. Heralding the companys entry into the Indian OTC market. 003Eastern Medikit Ltd received the economic times award for corporate excellence-for the company for year. Eastern Medikit Ltd signed an agreement toacquire RPG(aventis) SA along with its fully owned subsidiary,OPIH SARL,in france 2004 Eastern Medikit Ltd launched its first range of herbal projects. 2005 Acquisition of additional stake in Eastern Medikit Ltd Farmaceutica Ltda. , Brazil Eastern Medikit Ltd announced the acquisition of Be-Tabs Pharmaceuticals (P ty) Limited 2008Acquired by the Japanese giant, the $9. 62 billion Daiichi Sankyo, ranked No. in Japan BRIEF INTRO OF EASTERN MEDIKIT LTD PLANTS IN INDIA In the chemical division, various bulk drugs are manufactured. The chemical division had three units in Punjab. One is located at Toansa, two are located at Mohali and one unit is located at Dewas near Indore in Madhya Pradesh, where Ciprofloxacine is manufactured. In the plant of the chemical division, various drugs like Antibiotics, Anti-malarial, Antibacterial and Anti-ulcer are manufactured. One of the older plants of Eastern Medikit Ltd was closed after the accident in June 2003. he second one is still working The 1991, the Toansa plant started kick the bucketing in 1992 and the Dewas plant started functioning in 1999. Various plant heads independently manage all these plants. In each unit, separate facilities with respect to the manufacture of drugs, along with their manufacturing areas have been provided. This is required t o reduce the chances of any cross contamination under the drug laws and to comply with good manufacturing practices. At Mohali plant, separate blocks have been provided for the preparation of each drug .The Toansa, Mohali and Dewas plants are planned in such a way that their system, facilities, manufacturing practices and standards meet the requirements of FDA. Mohali imbed also mainly in the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). The Plant is divided into two plant areas A8 and A9 THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS Human Resource Department The basic function of the human resource discussion section in the modern corporate world is knowledge management. The HR department strives to maintain cohesiveness among employees. It also ensures interdepartmental cooperation in achieving targets.The appraisal system is also taken care by this department. The HR department delves deep into the employees psyche to analyze the positives and negatives of each employee, so that a proper system of delegation and / or empowerment can be evolved. Finance Department The finance department takes care of the regular financial needs of the company it ensures proper allocation of funds and takes care of the working capital requirements. It verifies capital raised by different departments and sends them for approval to the higher authorities. Stores DepartmentThe function of this department is to provide adequate and proper storage and preservation of various items to meet the demand of various other departments by proper issues and maintaining accounts of consumption. It also keeps a penetrate of stock accumulation and abnormal consumption. Erection and Fabrication Department As the name suggests, this department identifies new projects and helps in erecting them. This department also undertakes major modifications of equipment. ERP Department ERP department helps to integrate the entire enterprise starting from the supplier to the customer, covering financial and human resources.This will enable the enterprise to increase productivity by reducing costs. It also ensures a single solution to the information needs of the whole organization. Production Department As a part of their on going commitment to produce hi-tech quality drugs and pharmaceuticals that take care of the specific needs of markets around the world, Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Limited has increased the investment in the production department. It is the most important department of the company and has the following objectives 1. Improving volume of production. 2.Reducing rejection rate. 3. Maintaining rework rate. Engineering Department This department undertakes building, construction and maintenance. Maintaining service facilities such as water, gas, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, painting and plumbing are some of the other areas dealt by this department. This department also helps in maintaining electrical equipments such as generators, transformers, squall system a nd electrical installation. Purchase Department The purchase department provides material to the factory without which the wheels of machines cannot move.The various functions performed by this department include Securing good vendor performance, including ready deliveries of supplies of acceptable qualities. 1. To develop satisfactory sources of supply and maintaining good relationships with the suppliers. 2. To pay reasonably low prices. Quality Control/Quality Assurance Department The purpose of QC & QA departments is to ensure that the desired quality standard is achieved. It also ensures that the processing or fabrication of material conforms to the specific characteristics selected, to assure that the resulting product will in fact perform its intended function. PRODUCT REVIEWEastern Medikit Ltds therapeutic width covers five of the top six categories including Anti-infective, Gastrointestinal, Nutritionals, Cardiovascular, Central uneasy System, Respiratory, Dermatological and others. While anti-infective contribute 56% of the total sales, Eastern Medikit Ltds other brands like Simvotin and Storvas in the cardiovascular segment, Serlift in CNS and Revital and Riconia in Nutritionals, are on their way to success in eight-fold markets. During Jan Dec 2000, amongst the top products of Eastern Medikit Ltd, Sporidex (Cephalexin) was the Number 1 brand, closely followed by Cifran (Ciprofloxacin).Anti Infectives Anti- infective has been the main driver of Eastern Medikit Ltds sales. The important brands in this category are Cifran (Ciprofloxacin), Sporidex (Ciphalexin), Enhancin (Amoxyclav), Crixan (Clarithromycin), Vercef (Cefaclor), Oframax (Ceftriaxone), Cepodem (Cefpodoxime Proxetil), Zanocin (Ofloxacin), Ceroxim (Cefuroxime Axetil), and Loxof (Levofloxacin). Cifran (Ciprofloxacin) is the key brand in the anti- infective portfolio, with estimated sales of US $ 32 Mn, currently being marketed in 15 countries. Development of Ciprofloxacin once a day has been an important landmark achieved by Eastern Medikit Ltd.The product has been licensed to Bayer. Cifran continues to be a dominant player in the quinolones market in India, China and Russia. Sporidex is another leading brand in Eastern Medikit Ltds product portfolio with worldwide annual sales of US $ 35 Mn. It is available in eight different dosage forms including capsules, dry powder for suspension, redimix, dispersible tablets, paediatric drops, soft gelatin capsules, sachet and advanced formulation for twice-daily administration. It is currently marketed in 15 countries. In India, Sporidex is the leading brand with a market share of 36% of the Cephalexin segment.Keflor is available in seven different dosage forms and is the third-largest selling brand for Eastern Medikit Ltd worldwide. The dosage forms list includes capsules, dry syrup, modified release tablets, dispersible tablets, drops and redimix. Enhancin is expected to be the leading product in Eastern Medikit Ltds prod uct portfolio with estimated sales of US $ 45 Mn by the year 2005. The product will be rolled out to about 20 important markets during this period. Zanocin, with approximate sales of US $ 10 Mn, is the seventh-largest contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltds total sales.Cepodem is currently available in three different countries outside India, and will be rolled out to 13 different countries in the near future. Cardiovasculars Cardiovascular is projected to be the second-best category for Eastern Medikit Ltd. Statins have been the key drivers for this segment. The sale of Simvastatin has grown good in the past few years, a trend that is likely to continue in the future. In India, Simvotin (Simvastatin) is the market leader in the cholesterol reducer segment. Another leading brand in this category is Storvas (Atorvastatin).Storvas has been one of the fastest-ever to enter the top-300 brands list of the Indian pharma industry. Other global cardiovascular brands are Covance (Losartan) and Caslot (Carvedilol). Central Nervous System The Central Nervous Segment is one of the important focus areas identified by Eastern Medikit Ltd, with Serlift being the key brand. In India, Serlift is number 1 amongst Sertraline brands. New product introductions will be drivers of growth in this category. Gastrointestinal Currently, gastrointestinal drugs are the second-largest category for Eastern Medikit Ltd.The key brands in this category include Histac and Romesac. The current annual sales of Ranitidine are estimated to be around US $ 16 Mn and the product is marketed in more than 20 countries. Rheumatologicals The first generation Cox-2 inhibitors principally drive worldwide growth in rheumatology. This category is estimated to grow exponentially for Eastern Medikit Ltd, with brands like Celecoxib. This year, Rofibax (Rofecoxib) introduced in India, has established itself as a leader in the Cox-2 inhibitor category and has overtaken all Celecoxib brands. It has been identified as a key Global brand for the future.Nutritonals Nutritionals have been a major contributor to Eastern Medikit Ltds sales. Two of the important products in this category are Revital and Riconia. With annual sales estimated at about US $ 10 Mn, Revital contributes a significant share of total sales. It is a leading brand in India and has done exceedingly well in some move of the world as an OTC product. Dermatologicals The dermatology category is mainly driven by India region and is likely to show a good growth pattern in the future. Some of the key brands doing well in this segment are Mobizox, Silverex, Moisturex, etc.INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY AND ANALYSIS This is a Report on the Capital social organisation and Capital Expenditure of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. . The purpose and scope of the project can be listed as * Understanding the organizational structure and functioning of Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. * Analysing and analyse the financial hea lth of the firms in the Indian Pharma Industry. * Identifying and analysing the capital structure of Eastern Medikit Ltd. * Conducting a Review of the Capital Expenditure done at Eastern Medikit Ltd Laboratories Ltd. Identifying loopholes in the functioning and in the area of study and recommending the suggestions for the same. Following are the limitations of the study * Balance sheets of only 3 years have been studied but the company is in operation for so many years. * Only specific tools (i. e. ratio analysis) have been used for data analysis, while so many other tools are also there. * Organizational rules & regulations. * Availability of data. Financial figures for 2008 of Eastern Medikit Ltd were not available. * Limitations of the financial tools used. MethodologyThe methodology adopted for the study was as follows * Familiarization, examination and evaluation of the procedures relating to capital structure and capital expenditure. * Collection of pertinent data form compan y records and cross checking of this data. * Calculations of financial ratios, parameter and norms, as also their financial implications. Broadly the data were collected for the report on the project work has been through the primary and secondary sources. The primary data is collected by various approaches so as to give a precise, accurate, realistic and relevant data.The main goal in the mind while gathering primary data was investigation and observation. The ends were thus achieved by a direct approach and personal observation from the officials of the company. The other staff members and the employees were interviewed for the sake of maintaining reasonable standard of accuracy. The secondary data as it has always been important for the completion of any report provides a reliable, suitable equate and specific knowledge. The annual reports, the fixed asset register and the Capex register provided the knowledge and information regarding the relevant subjects.The valuable cooperati on and continued support extended by all associated personnels, head of the department, division and staff members contributed a lot to fulfil the requirement in the sight of data in order to present a complete report on the project work. Capital bodily structure Theory and Analysis Capital Structure Financing decisions involve raising funds for the firm. It is concerned with formulation and designing of capital structure or leverage. The most crucial decision of any company is involved in the formulation of its appropriate capital structure.The best design or structure of the capital of a company helps the management to achieve its last objectives of minimising overall cost of capital, maximising profitability and also maximising the value of the firm. The capital structure decision of a firm is concerned with the determination of debt equity composition. Capital structure ordinarily implies the proportion of debt and equity in the total capital of a company. The term capital ma y be defined as the long term funds of the firm. Capital is the aggregation of the items appearing on the left hand side of the balance sheet minus current liabilities.In other words capital may be expressed as follows Capital = Total Assets Current Liabilities. Further, capital of a company may broadly be categorised into equity and debt. The total capital structure of a firm is represented in the following figure Established companies generally have track record of their profit earning capacity, which helps them to create their creditworthiness. The lenders feel safe to invest their funds in such companies. Thus, there is ample scope for this type of companies to collect debt. only a company cannot freely i. e. without having any limit.The company must have to chalk out a plan to collect a debt in such a way that the acceptance of debt becomes beneficial for the company in terms of increase in EPS, profitability and value of the firm. If the cost of capital is greater than the return, it will have an adverse effect on companys profitability, value of the firm and its EPS. Similarly, if company is unable to repay the debt within the scheduled period it will affect the goodwill of the company in the credit market and consequently may create problems in future for collecting further debt.Other factors remaining constant, the company should select its appropriate capital structure with due consideration. Capital structure involves a choice between risk and expected return. The optimal capital structure strikes the balance between these risks and returns and thus examines the price of the stock. Significant variations with regard to capital structure can easily be noticed among industries and firms within the same industry. So it is difficult to generate the model capital structure for all business undertakings.The following is an attempt to consolidate the literature on various methods to suggested by researchers in arriving at optimal capital structure. Nota tions used * V = value of firm * FCF = free cash flow * WACC = weighted average cost of capital * rs and rd are costs of stock and debt * re and wd are percentages of the firm that are financed with stock and debt. Operating and Financial Leverages The term leverage refers to the ability of a firm in employing long term funds having a fixed cost, to enhance returns to the owners. In other words everage is the employment of fixed assets or funds for which a firm has to meet fixed costs or fixed rate of interest obligation irrespective of the level of activities attained or the level of operating profit earned. Higher the leverage, higher the profits and vice versa. But a higher leverage obviously implies higher outside borrowings and hence riskier if the business activity of the firm suddenly takes a dip. But a low leverage does not necessarily indicate prudent financial management, as the firm might be incurring an opportunity cost for not having borrowed funds at a fixed cost to earn higher profits.Operating Leverage Operating leverage is concerned with the operation of any firm. The cost structure of any firm gives rise to operating leverage because of the existence of fixed nature of costs. This leverage relates to the sales and profit variations. Operating Leverage = Contribution EBIT Contribution = Sales Variable Costs EBIT = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes. Disadvantages of Operating Leverages * The reliability of operating ratios rests to a large extent on the correctness of the fixed costs identified with a product. Faulty apportionment would distort the usefulness of the ratio. The published accounts does not give expound of the fixed cost incurred and the contribution from each product and for an outsider it is difficult to calculate the firms operating leverage. Firms cost structure and nature of the firms business affects operating leverage. A degree change in sales volume results in more than proportionate change (+/-) in operating (or los s) can be observed by use of operating leverage. Financial Leverage This ratio indicates the effects on earnings by rise of fixed cost funds. It refers to use the use of debt in the capital structure.Financial leverage arises when a firm deploys debt funds with fixed charge. The ratio is calculated with the following * Earnings before interest and tax / Earnings after interest The higher the ratio, the lower the cushion for paying interest on borrowings. A low ratio indicates a low interest outflow and consequently lower borrowings. A high ratio is risky and constitutes a strain on profits. This ratio is considered along with the operating ratio, gives a fairly and accurate idea about the firms earnings, its fixed costs and the interest expenses on long term borrowings. Earnings per Share Higher financial leverage leads to higher EBIT resulting in higher EPS, if other things remain constant. Financial leverage affects the variability and expected level of EPS. The more debt the fi rm employs the higher its financial leverage. Financial leverage generally raises expected EPS, but it also increases the riskiness of securities as the debt / asset ratio rises. Financial Leverage = EBIT EBT EBIT Ea

Introduction to Early Childhood Education †Assessment Essay

Identify THREE quality indicators relevant to early kidhood education and discuss why they are important for infantren, parents, and/or society. 300 words. The first quality indicator relevant to early childhood education would be masses. Letting your child learn in an purlieu where the teachers and assistants are expert, well-trained and the majority of them hold qualifications in the area. They should be able to fully understand your childs postulate, communicate well with them ensuring they make your child belief safe and comfortable being around them.They should also be trusted and respected by staff, parents and children. The place or environment would be the second indicator. The erudition environment should make all children nip welcome regardless of the cultural, ethnic or language background. They should be able to provide a variety of, materials, equipment and encounter activity arranged to encourage children to learn. A stimulating outdoor(a) environment that c hallenges and motivates children to explore, run and flirt is also important.An environment where they feel safe, and where parents can see their child, and feel comfortable knowing they are there. They should be able to feel secure in the environment they are in and to know their children can only reach from being there. Programme the third indicator. A quality learning programme should provide lots of learning opportunities in a wide range of distinguishable areas (reading, water play, sand play, dress-up, science, social play). A variety of activities either working in small groups or individual interactions with teachers.Parents should be able to BEd111 Introduction to proterozoic Childhood fosterage Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 2 to understand themselves about what their child is learning, having good communication with the centre employees, knowing what is going on and soul their ways and so forth an eye out being a parent and understanding the centres way. Teachers should always build trusting relationships with parents while always respecting and supporting different families cultures and languages.Reference List(ASPECTS OF QUALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Valerie N. Podmore and Anne Meade With Anne Kerslake Hendricks, 2000) (Collins Concise Dictionary, 2001, p. 1224). (Gibbs, C. (2006). To be a teacher Journeys towards authenticity. Auckland Pearson Education. ) BEd111 Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 3 Identify TWO early childhood services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and direct contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals.450 words. Montessori is a philosophy and method of education pioneered by the Italian educationalist Dr Maria Montessori (The first Montessori school opened in 1909, the first Waldorf school in 1919 and the first Playcentre in the 1930s) Montessori casa dei bambini or childrens house was first opened in San Lorenzo, Rome, Italy. Dr Maria Montessori recognised that the first 6 years of a childs life are the most important. Dr Montessori, trialled many materials and activities, but kept only those to which the children were spontaneously and repeatedly drawn.Playcentre began in 1941 originally as a support service to women left raising children alone due to partners being away with the Second World War. Lack of transport and lower-ranking family incomes were the reality for many women. Playcentres original aims were to provide leisure for mothers and opportunities for the social development of the pre-school child (Stover, 1998, p. 3). Playcentre is a stimulating environment, they provide a diverse and racy range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, and a child initiated curriculum.Montessori has a certain structure and is based on their profess philosophy unlike playcentre. Playcentre is a parent run co- operative it relies heavily on parental input, participation and support. Montessori aim is to provide an environment with structure and activities that meet the fills of the children and by giving them freedom to move and act within it, it was said that Dr Montessori had revealed the true nature of the child. Their philosophy is aimed for Children to be encouraged to be firmly grounded in reality before being exposed to fantasy.Montessori classrooms are very BEd111 Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 4 quiet, as children are deeply absorbed in their work. They input this by managing the classroom materials into six areas (Practical Life Exercises, Sensorial Material, Art, Mathemartics, language, cultural subjects, and also physical is brought into their daily routine). Playcentre however is marked by a stimulating environment, providing a diverse and rich range of experiences, unlimited free play across all 16 areas of play, an d a child initiated curriculum.Their views and goals are to promote childrens learning through play, Family involvement ( based on the importance of parents as educators of their own children) They like to View children as people who are strong and capable and can make their own choices about how and where to play (childinitiated play). Playcentre teachers are trained parents who take quite a hands on approach and implement learning, using a lot of open ended questions to extend childrens thinking. Montessori and playcentre go for different methods. Both focus on the eudaimonia of children, and help promote them to learn and grow through many different approaches.The key difference between Playschool and Montessori is that at playschool the whole family joins, preferably than it just being a provider of education for the child. Reference List (Pre-schoolers Preschool Education Types of Early Childhood Care KYLIE VALENTINE 2010) (Stover, 1998, p. 3). May, H. (2002, Winter). Early childhood attending and education in Aotearoa New Zealand An overview of history, policy and curriculum. McGill Journal of Education BEd111 Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 5.Discuss THREE of the pursuance significant factors which were covered in this course and that promote health and safety in early childhood centres and explain the contribution of the early childhood practician in promoting and implementing these factors 1. Providing a safe environment 2. Providing a healthful and clean environment 3. Identifying and responding to childhood illness Providing a safe environment Being a teacher, means constantly observing children and setting safety rules for them to create a safe centre. This is only part of the process.Teachers must always watch for hazardous situations. Toys, equipment, electric appliances, hot water, and cleaning supplies can pose danger to children. Centre vehicles and the building itself can also b e hazardous to children. As well as outdoor activities, certain heights and lengths of equipment need to be suitable for the environment as these pose a danger to children also. Exploration is an important part of a childs growth and development, and increased independence. However, that exploration should take place in an environment that is as free of hazards as possible (MoH, 1997, p.71). ).The teachers role in identifying and removing or minimising potential hazards is vital. (See Moe, 2008, HS12-16, p. 19) A teachers first job should be to look at the environment where the children are going to play first thing in the morning, if there is anything unusual, broken or out of place that could be risk. Toy safety is a nonher, choosing the items correctly the item itself, size, if it is appropriate for their age, etc. Picking safe toys and materials greatly winces the risk of serious injury. Small things can cause serious harm, e. g. choking.However as a teacher, you must administ er children at all times when using BEd111 Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 6 the toys/playing. Creating rules for the children helps implement the importance of safety to them as well. Providing a hygienic and clean environment In an Early childhood centre it is essential that all equipment is cleaned daily/weekly/monthly everything is to be sanitised/disinfected curiously With children having access to all sorts of equipment daily (putting toys in their mouths, several hands touching the toys etc.) It is very important for learning environments to be clean and safe as Germs can easily spread fast among children who play together. (Air, coughing, sneezing, Body waste and fluids, faeces, urine, saliva, mucus, skin, wounds, parasite, Blood, viruses and bacteria). Teachers should encourage children to also get involved with personal hygiene, getting them to blow their noses on tissues, washing hands before and after eating, or using the bathroom, this shows them how to help stay clean. The importance of effective hand-washing for educators and children cannot be over-emphasised.Hand-washing is essential following animal handling, meth removal, outdoor activities, nose blowing, toileting and preceding food handling and consumption (MoH, 1997) There are more strategies teachers influence to keep a safe healthy environment such as when a new child starts they talk about immunisation (immunisation charts) and excursion if a child is ill. These hygiene practices can likely reduce the spread of germs or uncleanliness in learning settings and it is essential to have a cleaning schedule.Identifying and responding to childhood illness Early childhood teachers should be able to notify the signs and symptoms of an ill child . They should provide appropriate care for a child who is unwell. Sick children are usually have no interest in play, have BEd111 Introduction to Early Childhood Education Assessment 20120778 Tourmaline Munday- Cooper 7 little energy, short tempered and upset, may want to be held and comforted, fever, vomiting or diarrhoea. Parents should be notified, so they can come and collect their child.It is important to isolate the child from the group to prevent infecting others. A staff member must supervise the child closely, as a young childs condition can change rapidly and they may need urgent attention. Children should always be reminded to also help stop spreading illness, they need to be given an idea, they may not understand the detail but as simple as reminding them to put their hand over their mouth when they sneeze or cough, grabbing a tissue when needed etc. Staff must always enforce hygienic care.Staff with Appropriate first aid should be administered to help with a situation where a child needs tending too e. g. If they are hurt, and need wounds cleaned and banded. The Ministry of Health (1997) advises that children should stay away from early childhood services wh en they are ill. Depending on your childcare provider they to have their own policy towards the issue. Teachers are not expected to diagnose conditions, that is what the doctors are for. However, having knowledge of how certain illnesses manifest, spread, and incubate is very important.Having a first aid certificate is a positive in the childcare industry having the knowledge of what to do in certain situations, it benefits the children and the centre. Reference List Auckland Regional Public Health Service. (May 2010). Health & safety guidelines for early childhood centres. Retrieved nineteenth September, 2011, fromhttp//www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/PDFs/ECC_HealthSafet yGuidelines. pdf Childcare illness from http//www. careforkids. com. au/articlesv2/article. asp? ID=71 (Ministry of Health, 1997).