The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom

The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom The public governance has been a significant part of every system. People as citizens always discuss their opinions with each other. In accordance with the system which they are ruled, their discussions have an effect on the rules and regulations of the government. In modern societies which embrace democracy as management system, the influence of public determination is predominant. As it is mentioned above sharing and declaring public decision is the milestone of governance in such societies.Therefore, the more advanced ways people have to communicate, the more they can contribute to the improvement of democracy. If it is compared with the past, people have faster, cheaper and much more effective communication tools in order to exchange and spread their ideas. The Internet and new communication technologies enhance democracy by making any kind of information accessible and by providing people with rapid and cheap communication. The Internet e nables the improvement of democracy because it gives people the opportunity to be aware of current issues. It offers a wide range of information to everyone regardless of their status.People who are interested in a topic can access plenty of data about what they are looking for. It is not anymore the case that people have to delve into books in libraries in order to find a useful resource which contains relevant information. People already have a well-organized library which searches and introduces them to the most appropriate information on their subjects – The Internet. In addition to individuals, many non-governmental organizations and any other social groups that share common ideas can publish their arguments and spread them across the world.For example, human rights organizations use the Internet to advocate their arguments. L. Pal reveals that the international human rights movement has grown hugely since the 1950s when approximately 38 non-go0vernmental organizations w ere identifiable, to around 14,500 by 1994 (qtd. Brophy and Halpin 353). The new ICTs (information and communication technologies) and the Internet provide people with advanced opportunity to declare their opinions and to contribute to democracy.To illustrate, (International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development) ICHRDD started to use electronic publications and participated in the PeaceNet Human Rights gopher service that retrieve important data published by other organizations (354). The information becomes accessible to all concerned workers and volunteers so that they will be more sophisticated in their fights and they are able to defend their arguments. (Brophy and Halpin 356). The new information communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet contribute to development of democracy because they facilitate communication with rapid and cheap tools such as e-mails.It is stated by Brophy and Halpin that â€Å"Electronic communications and networking cut through th e barriers of time and distance, facilitating the finding of information in a way previously impossible. † (353). Likewise to the authors statement, instead of costly phone calls or even more incommodious face to face meetings, electronic communications enable people to communicate or exchange their ideas in a rapid way whether they are at the opposite sides of the world. ICTs help citizens to contribute to democracy because they make mobilization of people more effective and cheaply.They also provide circulation of information through networks, and they strengthen NGOs so that capacity of governmental agencies is limited (Brophy and Halpin 354). As it is mentioned above, ICTs enhance contributions of citizens to democracy because they transform people into aware, active and investigative elements of democracy. They enable people to discuss and question conviction, and come up with new perspectives and creative resolutions. Inherently, there are people who deny the contributio n of the Internet freedom to democracy.It is also argued that the Internet makes things worse in terms of liberalization. Evgeny Morozov who is an expert on interaction of digital technologies and democracy believes that authoritarian governments hinder democracy from developing by censoring the Internet or attacking web-sites (1). Besides, there are some governments that censor web-sites which advocate child abuse, cyber-crimes, and terrorism (Ash 8). They also legally or illegally gain access to e-mail account, spy on searches and so on (Ash 7).These examples might seem to be assaults on privacy or obstacles to the improvement of democracy. But your privacy is not more important than the welfare of your country and children. You cannot jeopardize your country and children while some terrorists threaten benefits, security, and economy of your country or pedophiles abuse your children physically or psychologically. It should be preferred to protect your country and your children to your privacy. As a result, it is legitimate and reasonable to block websites like this.Besides, the reliability of governments is controversial. Everybody might not be satisfied about government’s implementations. However, the ones who elect the government are the majority of society. People are given the right to choose the people who will govern them. Of course, they can question the practices and submit their thoughts through NGOs and so on. But they should also be respectful to the will of the public. In conclusion, the role of public in governance is significant in all modern democracies.The more people declare their thoughts the more they can contribute to democracy. With the developing technologies and the Internet, people are more likely to communicate, exchange ideas and search for what they need. New ICTs such as e-mails and electronic documents enable people to enhance democracy. On the other hand, in order to prevent illegitimate censoring and regulations by gover nments, we should implement all laws in the online world as well. Finally, we should use our right to elect cleverly and declare our views through NGOs in an appropriate way.References Ash, Timothy Garton. â€Å"Internet Freedom†. freespeechdebate. com. N. D. Web. October 2012. Brophy, Peter, and Edward Halpin. â€Å"Through the Net to freedom: information, the Internet and human rights†. jis. sagepub. com. Journal of Information Science. 24 March 1999. Web. October 2012. Morozov, Evgeny, and Joanne J. Myers. â€Å"The Net Delusion : The dark side of Internet freedom†. Carnegiecouncil. org. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. 25 January 2011. Web. October 2012.

Response to George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant

Although many people believe that racism has disappeared from our minds after all those solutions of trying to set equal rights in the world’s history, it still exists today, and will probably never vanish from our thinking. Some may clearly express it, whereas others may express racism unnoticeably, even to themselves. George Orwell, in â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, tells a story of his past when he killed an elephant in order to please the Burmese crowd. At the time, Orwell was a white Indian Imperial Police officer who was disliked by the country's natives due to the fact that he was European. One day, he heard of an elephant's doing of ravaging the town, so he ran to the scene with a rifle. When he finally arrived, he found himself observing a peacefully feeding elephant while a huge crowd of Burmans gathered excitedly to observe his future action. Even though he does not feel it right to shoot the elephant, he has this huge, unavoidable pressure from the Burmese crowd. Eventually, his final decision was to shoot the elephant and satisfy the natives' hunger for excitement. Although the situation must have been difficult from Orwell's perspective, his action of killing the elephant cannot be justified. George Orwell's situation was definitely burdensome, looking from his perspective. He had his beliefs and feelings; yet, he vividly felt the pressure dawning on him as the natives assembled at the scene, eagerly and impatiently waiting for him to simply shoot the elephant. Especially for a person who â€Å"was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British,† he must have experienced an unbearable moment of making a decision. We all experience such burdensome pressure numerous times, starting from school as a kid. Students have such thing called peer pressure, where you are usually forced to do make a decision of whether or not to follow others' ways. Whether in academic studies, sports, or social life, they always tend to end up following others' beliefs and ways. For instance, peer pressure is the reason why the number of students who smoke since young age is rapidly increasing. However, conforming to others' beliefs and ways means that person is lacking self-confidence and self-respect. In order to survive this world at least a little more joyfully, people must follow their own beliefs and practices as many times as possible. Even though he had his belief about killing the elephant, Orwell purely abandoned the idea of following his way, and concentrated on how to please the natives. Only after he carried out the action did he admit that he â€Å"had done it solely to avoid looking a fool,† meaning he had no self-confidence or self-respect. In fact, by doing so what he decided to do, Orwell became a fool who was too afraid to speak out his belief: that the elephant does not deserve to be killed. As Orwell states, â€Å"he wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it. † Basically, people first hide their belief and conform to others’, then without knowing, they become to be one of them completely, losing their true selves. Following our own moral beliefs does not mean we must be ignorant of all outside beliefs. In other words, ignoring rules while living in a country with differing beliefs and laws is definitely a foolish act. For example, when I lived in Saudi Arabia, the national law forced us to wear black veils – called abbaya – like the local women outside home, and both the law and their belief forbid us to drink any kind of alcohol. Needless to say, we should not be fools as to go against any national laws to end up in prison, but our personal beliefs must still be kept safe. Furthermore, although Orwell faces a difficult situation, where he can either unnecessarily kill the elephant or decide not to, based on his own moral beliefs, he should have realized that he was the powerful one. Orwell explains his situation, â€Å"To come all that way, rifle in hand, with two thousand people marching at my heels, and then to trail feebly away, having done nothing – no, that was impossible. The crowd would laugh at me. And my whole life, every white man’s life in the East, was one long struggle not to be laughed at. But I did not want to shoot the elephant. † It was a situation in which he could not help but act according to the natives’ expectations. Nevertheless, readers must not forget that he was the one in control and power, with the rifle in his hands, and the natives could neither physically harm him nor report that he did the wrong thing. This meant that he really could have protected his moral values, and be ignorant of what others desperately wanted him to do since he believed the action to be wrong. The result of standing up to our own beliefs and practices can mean conflict with others who have different ones. But another consequence is faith in ourselves, self-confidence in our identity and ability to carry out those beliefs. Maintaining these will help us survive our lives more successfully, although probably not easily; on the other hand, if we continue to conform to others’ beliefs, we will come to depend only on others and have no self-respect. Overall, the action of killing the elephant by George Orwell is not justified because, despite his moral belief about not killing the elephant, he went straight against it and shot the elephant, winning the natives’ expectations, and overcoming the boundary between them, but losing his true self and his beliefs.

Family Diversity

Reasons being there has been an increase in divorce over the past 30 years. Also, the growing proportion of household that are composed of 1 person. 2) Allen & crow- identified 2 key points for single parent families. -increase in divorce -significant rise in the number of never married women. Beanpole families are long and thin. These are multi-generational families where there is more intergenerational contact (grandparents and grandchildren) than intergenerational contact (cousins). 1) Brannon- sees them as being like a beanpole. Reason for less intergenerational ties. Gig divorce rates causing breakdown of contact between extended families – falling fertility rates couples having less children, so there will be fewer relationships. Reason for more intergenerational ties. -grandparents live longer provide extra care e. G. (babysitting) 2) Grungy & Henrietta- uses the concept of ‘sandwich generation' to refer to women aged between 55 and 69 who offer assistance between their needy parents and their own children. Research shows a growing number of women will be in this position. An extended family contains kin beyond the family.This could be through vertical extensions with additional family members from a 3rd generation (grandparents) or horizontal extensions (wife's sister). 1) villains- showed how working class peoples live that lived in east London was still dominated by the values and traditions of extended kin. 2) McConnell- used survey findings and discovered that in the 1 ass's contact with relatives was still frequent. Extended family was an important source of support, for practical support such as helping with jobs. E. G. Times of illness and financial tasks. A reconstituted family is when families merge together and form a new Emily.For example a couple with children split up, the children remain with the mother who forms a new family with a new partner and who also has children. National statistics 2004, an estimated 10% of all famili es were reconstituted. 1) Smart – researched children experiencing co-parenting, found that children value having both parents in their lives. By moving from houses as a routine since young age. Some religious people are more likely to have children living with them than others. Religion can also influence the way that children are socialized in families.

Religious freedom in prison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious freedom in prison - Research Paper Example However, the court rulings set limitations to the right of worship when a prisoner’s demand of worship endangers prison safety and function. Almost all correction facilities offer these structures mainly for religious faiths such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Chaplains and volunteers provide pastoral care to prisoners and wardens (Livingstone 313). Allowing inmates freedom of worship has both positive and negative implications. However, prisoners’ right of worship should be granted because it benefits them and it is their constitutional right. Inmates should be allowed to worship within established structures provided by prison programs and religious organizations. The disadvantage of freedom of worship according to the government is it may endanger prisoners’ the lives. The law limits freedom of worship if it interferes with safety of the prisoners/wardens and prison operations. When this happens, the government can deny the right of worship for the greater good of all citizens. However, the government uses this clause to abuse prisoners’ rights (Livingstone 310). For example, a case where a Muslim prisoner wanted to retain his long beard for religious purposes was upheld by the Supreme Court. Gregory Holt, the prisoner, had requested the prison to allow him grow a half-inch beard as a religious practice. The prison officials denied the request claiming security reasons of inmates smuggling contrabands in beards. Judge Samuel Alito said since prisoners were allowed to grow long hair on their heads, the prison systems should allow religious beards like Gregory’s. In this case, the prison authorities denied the prisoner his right without good reasons. Prison authority may restrain the right of worship for security reasons but should have concrete reasons or concerns for the restriction. Many advantages exist of allowing prisoners to

Sustainable Management Futures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Management Futures - Assignment Example It had been evident that since many years researchers as well as planners have been struggling hard to define the concept of sustainable development. However, the definition has been too general. It can be said that the goals need to be quite specific and this might vary in order to reflect different conditions and national development policies across countries. The nation’s objective for the environmentally sustainable development plays a vital role in this regards (Hoole & Et. Al., 1995). Considering the definition of sustainability, there are three fundamental aspects namely employment and income generation, people participation and empowerment and conservation of environment and natural resources. The priorities set may be different while implementing each of these aspects and tends to express different attitudes towards nature, society and ethical decisions involved (Mansvelt & Mulder, 2002).  Ã‚   It can be evaluated that the challenges of the sustainable development f or the policy are quite different in comparison to other policy problems. The differences tend to arise from comprehensive nature of sustainable development and emphasis that is laid upon the welfare of the future generation. Differences may also arise from the emphasis provided to the sustainable development considering it as a process of change where the utilisation of the resources, the trend of the technological development and change as well as the direction of the investment are made consistent.... However, the definition has been too general. It can be said that the goals need to be quite specific and this might vary in order to reflect different conditions and national development policies across countries. The nation’s objective for the environmentally sustainable development plays a vital role in this regards (Hoole & Et. Al., 1995). Considering the definition of sustainability, there are three fundamental aspects namely employment and income generation, people participation and empowerment and conservation of environment and natural resources. The priorities set may be different while implementing each of these aspects and tends to express different attitudes towards nature, society and ethical decisions involved (Mansvelt & Mulder, 2002). It can be evaluated that the challenges of the sustainable development for the policy are quite different in comparison to other policy problems. The differences tend to arise from comprehensive nature of sustainable development a nd emphasis that is laid upon the welfare of the future generation. Differences may also arise from the emphasis provided to the sustainable development considering it as a process of change where the utilisation of the resources, the trend of the technological development and change as well as the direction of the investment are made consistent with the needs of the future and the present. It can further be revealed that the sustainable development policy needs to be based upon institutions and decision making structures leading to sustainable outcomes. Another important criterion for the sustainable development is that the choice of the policy needs to be guided by economic efficiency. The reason behind this is that if the criterion

Schools Form the Backbones of the Educational Systems Essay

Schools Form the Backbones of the Educational Systems - Essay Example Is it the quality of the professional teachers or principal that comprise the faculty? Is it the methodology of teaching used, the inclusion of sports programs or the spiritual and moral development of the students? Few educators have reviewed the evidence from research that has contributed to the development of the best schools and that bring forth a supply of open-minded, healthy and enthusiastic people into the society. However, a look at the inspection results recently released by the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA) in Dubai, most schools are not managed well, at least not in terms of productive teaching and student outcomes. In a survey conducted by KHDA, about 10% of the schools in Dubai are running well with a satisfactory level of teaching, learning, and management (Sambidge, 2009). This is a grievous situation and therefore important that research is conducted in order to explore the reasons for such a condition in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This research question aims to find how decisions related to the curriculum, teaching methods, classroom scheduling, discipline policy, the introduction of new courses or subjects are made in UAE schools. The question seeks to understand how the decision making the role of the school management, school principal, teachers, students, and student’s families interface. The data will clarify whether and how the participative decision is being used in schools. This study will determine whether participation of the teachers in the decision-making process has to lead to the development of a better curriculum, better methodology, or better overall quality of teaching so that the students are able to experience higher achievement. The study will elaborate the impact of participative decision making on morale and satisfaction among teachers, motivation towards teaching and commitment to their jobs.

Current Asset Management and Financing Research Paper

Current Asset Management and Financing - Research Paper Example d patient load affect their day to day operations of hospitals, but other systemic and structural factors outside their realm of control cause major operational limitations. For hospitals in general, rising operational costs and shrinking profit margins have negatively affected the industry. It is estimated that in the U.S. around a third of all hospitals are operating with negative profit margins (Sussman, Jordahl, 2010). Some of the major macroeconomic factors affecting their financial viability are: Outdated and Inefficient Administrative Processes- The lack of computerized payment process systems, manual procedures, repetitive rework of outstanding claims and redundant data collections have all contributed to the diminishing bottom line of most healthcare hospitals. It has been estimated that around 30% of all claims filed by physicians have errors with around 15% of claims disappearing or getting lost in the process. For many hospitals around 80% of their claims are for small secondary payments ($100-$200) which often times go unclaimed or result in lengthy reimbursement delays .The overall complexity of the system also contributes to its operational inefficiency. The need for extra sources of reliable short term capital sources with reasonable terms, costs and risks will increase in the future. Most small hospitals even with excellent credit ratings do not have the access to bank credit that top-tier hospitals enjoy. As a general rule taking advantage of alternative sources of short term operating capital is paramount to their long term viability. Even with the improved operating and liquidity positions of most hospitals, internal capital or operating cash flow alone, will not be enough to sustain the level of growth and capital investment necessary to maintain competitiveness. Philanthropic donations will play an increasing role in the funding of hospitals operations. The investment income can also play a major role in providing operating capital.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Essay Example Further, turnaround firms, in order to achieve their objectives do not entirely rely on uninterrupted, fast response time, information technology in order to achieve their objectives. Rather, their future applications play a great role in ensuring that they achieve their strategic objectives. On the other hand, factory firms heavily depend on reliable, -efficient, information technology support. It is only through highly reliable system that such firms can survive the danger of failing. However, although development applications in a factory are important in their own right, they are not entirely responsible for the success and profitability of the organization. Support firms however, do not associate performance with information technology; it has low strategic impact in their operations. Such firms rely on support systems in order to support their operations. Although they could survive for a long time without these applications, they require them to leverage their productivity. Organizations currently operate under high competitive environments. Porter argued that for an organization to survive high levels of competition, it must strategically place itself within these competitive factors (Karagiannopoulos, et al., 2005). In porter’s competitive model, he proposed five factors that would give a firm competitive advantage over other firms operating in the same industry. As porter argued, the five forces bring about industry rivalry of the existing firms. Threat of new entrants according to porter determines the ease with which customers can switch to products offered by competitors (p. 129). All industries have numerous substitute products available, and as such, factors such as price and quality contributes significantly to customers switching their products to their competitors. The ease of customers in finding a product offered by one company at a cheaper price, or higher quality goods increases the threat of

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia Essay

Culture anthropolgy on Aborigines of australia - Essay Example The first Aboriginals are believed to have arrived in this unique and isolated piece of land some 50,000 years ago, when they migrated from the South Pole as the sea levels generally fell and the last Ice Age saw its end. Experts believe that the race then traveled on canoes and rafts across the ocean in search of a peaceful land (Barnard, 1996). The activities of aboriginals of the area remained secret and restricted to its own lands, until outsiders from around the world intruded their territories for political, economical, and anthropological purposes. Before the invasion of the British into Australia, (first invasion 1788), about 200 years ago, there were about 300,000 inhabitants living in the area, which constituted of 500 tribes using 200 distinct languages amongst each other, of which most of them are found extinct now; with each dialect defining each tribe that occupied a definite area in the continent. Whereas, lands owned by no tribal form were left arid and unoccupied, under the title of ‘no man’s land.’ (Bartlett, 2002). Though the Aboriginals vary abundantly from their appearance due to the diversity seen between their groups; however, some of the common features that all of them share are their dark brown skin with wavy hair, developed onto slender bodies which are erect showing their hardworking capabilities. Anthropologists believe that variations in their appearances are due to their migrations at different points of time in history. Whereas some critics to this opinion believe in ‘homogeneity’ of the aboriginals, whereas any variations in them might be due to variation in diet and the environment they lived in, while as a whole, they lived in isolation from rest of the world (Ashley, 2009). This paper discusses the isolation of the Aborigines of Australia form the rest of the world; as when development and technology were taking the world up by storm, they remained a loaf of this

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example Of course, it is always possible that what is known can greatly influence the way something is perceived to such an extent that it becomes a misperception. Visual and auditory misperceptions have been studied widely in the literature, as they illustrate not only how something can be misperceived due to top-down factors but can shed some light on how perception relies on these factors also. A variety of empirical evidence will be used to evaluate the role that these top-down factors have in perception, focusing mainly on visual and auditory misperceptions. One of the most widely studied examples of the way that top-down factors have a role in misperceptions are illusions. Optical illusions are often used as fun examples of how the mind can trick us, but they also have a huge role in cognitive psychology. Illusions are good because they show how the mind follows certain rules and places certain constraints on perception, and how top-down factors cause the brain to have a bias towards p erceiving certain things (Eysenck & Keane, 2005). In everyday life, these are usually correct and can help us to identify objects that have never been perceived before accurately and simply. Without these rules, there would be no perception in the sense we understand today. However, when these rules are applied in a different sense to that which they would usually be employed misperception or illusion results. Misperceptions can be found within all sensory systems, although visual and auditory are the most researched and understood. Sometimes, a healthy individual can briefly mistake one object that is known for another. The research by Summerfield, Egner, Mangels & Hirsch (2006) investigates the reaction of the brain during these occasions using functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand the neuroscience behind this. The interesting part of this research is that Summerfield et al (2006) manipulated images of houses and faces to such an extent that they could be realistical ly mistaken for the other. This may seem ridiculous, as houses and faces are two very different structures that could not easily be mistaken for each other in reality. This is an example of a top-down factor; we think that it would be impossible to mistake a house for a face (or vice versa) because of the rules and regulations put in place in the way that objects are perceived. However, this research showed that at a certain level of degradation, this misperception can easily occur. This misperception occurs even in psychologically normal patients. Top-down factors associate some areas of the image with a house or a face and the medio-frontal and right parietal regions of the brain make assumptions based upon what is already known and help the individual perceive. Faces themselves are also victim to visual misperception. Research by Leopold, Rhodes, Muller and Jeffery (2005) has shown that top-down factors can lead to perceived identity and expression. In this case, what is known ab out individuals that are familiar is applied to individuals that are not, and thus misperceptions occur. The brain here is suggesting that someone with similar visual appearance to an individual must be that individual. Again, this is an example

The Order of Things by Gladwell Malcolm Assignment

The Order of Things by Gladwell Malcolm - Assignment Example At first, one thought that the article is directed to sports car buyers but only to find out later that the author used the topic on cars to get the attention of the readers. The article is not targeted at a particular audience; rather, it is directed to anyone who tends to believe rankings done by magazines or newspapers or other private groups. Maybe the aim of the author is to warn people that not all rankings are accurate; therefore, must be taken with a grain of salt. One would not like to read articles by this author because it seems that the author is making hasty generalizations. Furthermore, one does not approve of the way he presents his arguments because he jumps from one topic to another. This can be observed when first he talks about car rankings then proceeds to discuss rankings of universities then presented data on suicide rates in several countries. After a discussion of suicide rankings, he goes back to university rankings and then shifts to hospital rankings and back again to university rankings. There is a lack of coherence in the way the information is being offered to the readers.   One may still read articles of this type provided that it is clearly presented.                  One has not read articles which support the author’s arguments, neither has one read articles which are against his arguments.

Organic Light Emitting Diode Essay Example for Free

Organic Light Emitting Diode Essay Abstract: Organic Light Emitting Diode is a scalable nano level emerging technology in Flat Panel Displays and as a White Light Source with efficient features. This paper focuses on OLED structure, principle aspects, fabrication methodology and different techniques to replace current white light sources like Incandescent bulbs, Fluorescent tubes, and even display techniques like Liquid Crystal Displays, Plasma technologies. OLEDs can be fabricated using Polymers or by small molecules. OLED matrix displays offer high contrast, wide viewing angle and a broad temperature range at low power consumption. These are Cheaper, Sharper, Thinner, and Flexible. An OLED is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emit light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor material is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. There are two main families of OLED s: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a Light-emitting Electrochemical Cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLED s (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes. An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or the more recently developed LED backlight. Due to its low thermal conductivity, an OLED typically emits less light per area than an inorganic LED. OLEDs are used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as mobile phones and PDA s, watches, advertising, information, and indication. OLEDs are also used in large-area light-emitting elements for general illumination. OLED s have a potential of being white-light sources that are †¢Bright, power-efficient and long lived, by emitting pleasing white light †¢Ultra-thin, lightweight, rugged, and conformable †¢Inexpensive, portable Introduction: OLEDs are energy conversion devices (electricity-to-light) based on Electroluminescence. Electro-luminescence is light emission from a solid through which an electric current is passed. OLEDs are more energy-efficient than incandescent lamps. The luminous efficiency of light bulbs is about 13 20 lm/W but the latest experimental green emitting OLEDs already have luminous efficiency of 76 lm/W, though at low luminance. The development is on track for OLEDs to effectively compete even with fluorescent lamps, which have the luminous efficiency of 50 100 lm/W. One big advantage of OLEDs is the ability to tune the light emission to any desired color, and any shade of color or intensity, including white. Achieving the high Color Rendition Index (CRI) near 100 (the ability to simulate the most pleasing white color, sunlight), is already within the reach of OLEDs. Another advantage of OLEDs is that they are current-driven devices; where brightness can be varied over a very wide dynamic range and they operate CRT is still continuing as top technology in displays to produce economically best displays. The first best look of it is its Cost. But the main problems with it are its bulkiness, Difficulties in Extending to Large area displays as per construction. Even though Liquid Crystal Displays have solved one of problem i.e. size, but it is not economical. So in this present scenario the need for a new technology with both these features combined leaded to invention of OLED.OLED which is a thin, flexible, Bright LED with self luminance which can be used as a display device. The main drawback of LCD display is its Less viewing angle and highly temperature depending which moves us towards a new technology. Thus OLED promises for faithful replacement of current technology with added flavors like Less Power Consumption and Self Luminance .Both Active matrix TFT’s and Passive matrix Technologies are used for display and addressing purposes for high speed display of moving pictures and faster response. Already some of the companies released Cell Phones and PDA’s with bright OLED technology for color full displays. One of the new lighting technology which emerged within the past two decades and has the potential of becoming more energy-efficient then the existing light sources is the Solid State Lighting technology of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). The available data about OLEDs and technical projections indicate that the amount of energy needed to generate the same amount of light can be eventually reduced by up to 50%.If the consumption of electric energy used for lighting is reduced by the desired 50%; the savings to the society would amount to approximately $25B per year (1). In addition to the savings, less consumed energy would amount to less produced energy and, consequently, less pollution of water and air. According to the latest estimates, the use of electricity may be reduced by 50% by the year 2020, sparing the atmosphere some 45 million tons of carbon emissions annually. The potential savings also depends on how quickly and to what extend these developments occur (2). This study also indicates that it is primarily the price breakthrough that will facilitate the market penetration of the new sources of light. In other words, even though the technological advances may lead to significant reduction of energy, the market will not accept SSL unless the cost is reduced as well. If SSL achieves a price breakthrough, far more energy will be saved. Today, incandescent light bulbs dominate the residential and light industrial lighting market where the initial cost and aesthetics are the key drivers. Fluorescent lamps are used in the commercial sector where the combined cost of the lighting fixtures and the consumed energy is the principal driver. OLEDs are unconventional, large area thin film, nearly two-dimensional devices. They are distributed (diffused) light sources, distinctly different from point sources such as light bulbs. Also, OLEDs will operate at very low voltages, of the order of 3 5 V. Therefore, the introduction of OLEDs as sources of light for general lighting applications will cause a major paradigm shift in the lighting industry. Not only a new lighting infrastructure will be required, but also many new jobs will be created. While significant research is still needed, OLEDs will soon achieve the efficiency to compete directly with incandescent sources (light bulbs). Experimental OLEDs are already more energy-efficient than incandescent lamps The luminous efficiency of light bulbs is about 13 -20 lm/W but the latest experimental green emitting OLEDs already have luminous efficiency of 76 lm/W, albeit at low luminance. The development is on track for OLEDs to effectively compete even with fluorescent lamps, which have the luminous efficiency of 50 100 lm/W. One big advantage of OLEDs is the ability to tune the light emission to any desired color, and any shade of color or intensity, including white .Achieving the high color rendition index (CRI) near 100 (the ability to simulate the most pleasing white color, sunlight), is already within the reach of OLEDs. Another advantage of OLEDs is that they are current-driven devices, where brightness can be varied over a very wide dynamic range and they operate uniformly, without flicker. All this has created a great deal of optimism that OLEDs will be accepted and welcome by the general public as long as they are inexpensive. Yet another advantage of OLEDs is that they could be deposited on any substrate: glass, ceramics, metal, thin plastic sheets, fabrics, flexible and conformable substrates, etc., and therefore, could be fabricated in any shape and design. This will open new architectural and design possibilities. Freedom to produce sources of any shape or color will create radically new illumination culture. In a nutshell, OLEDs have a potential of being large area, white-light sources that are * Bright, power-efficient and long lived, emitting pleasing white light * Ultra-thin, light weight, rugged, and conformable * Inexpensive This qualitative comparison is based on the assumption that the development of OLEDs will be successful. Monumental challenges, however, still exist to reach the goal. Over the next 5 years, the lighting market will grow to about $40B/y. Based on the novel features; OLEDs may soon capture 10% of that market. As the efficiency and cost approach the targets fluorescent lamps, 50% of the market may be captured in 10-12 years. 1.4 White Light from OLEDs OLEDs are uniquely suitable as sources of white light. The structure of light emitting Fluorescence or phosphorescence additives can be tailored to emit any desired color (see section 5.1). Mixing light from two or more sources (dopants or layers) gives light whose color is determined by the weighted average of the CIE coordinates of these sources. Given the enormous variety of known and yet-to-be synthesized dopants, both fluorescent and phosphorescent, with broad emission spectra of choice, practically any shade of white or any temperature of white light can be generated in OLEDs. Many devices have already been made in the laboratory scale and tested and some of them almost perfectly simulate the sunlight. The methods of generating white light are described in Sections 5.1.4. And 5.1.5. 2. OLED Components Like an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, well be focusing on the two-layer design. An OLED consists of the following parts: Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) The substrate supports the OLED. Anode (transparent) The anode removes electrons (adds electron holes) when a current flows through the device. Organic layers These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers. Conducting layer This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport holes from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline. Emissive layer This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene. Cathode- (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device. The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate. This can be done in three ways: †¢ Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) In a vacuum chamber, the organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient. †¢ Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of making OLEDs. †¢ Inkjet printing With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for large displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards. 3. Working Principle of Oled OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electro phosphorescence. The process is as follows: 1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED. 2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules. The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.) 3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes. When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom thats missing an electron). When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works). 4. The OLED emits light. 5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light. [pic] Schematic of a bilayer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+) A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and therefore are considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors. Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer. One example was the first light-emitting device synthesized by J. H. Burroughs et al., which involved a single layer of poly (p-phenylene vinylene). However multilayer OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more layers in order to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, different materials may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted. Many modern OLEDs incorporate a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a conductive layer and an emissive layer. More recent developments in OLED architecture improves quantum efficiency (up to 19%) by using a graded heterojunction. In the graded heterojunction architecture, the composition of hole and electron-transport materials varies continuously within the emissive layer with a dopant emitter. The graded heterojunction architecture combines the benefits of both conventional architectures by improving charge injection while simultaneously balancing charge transport within the emissive region. During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. A current of electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the HOMO at the anode. This latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than electrons. The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the material, in this case the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO. OLEDs are solid-state devices composed of thin films of organic molecules that create light with the application of electricity. OLEDs can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and use less power than conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used today. 4. Types of OLEDs: Passive and Active Matrix There are several types of OLEDs: †¢ Passive-matrix OLED †¢ Active-matrix OLED †¢ Transparent OLED †¢ Top-emitting OLED †¢ Foldable OLED †¢ White OLED Each type has different uses. In the following sections, well discuss each type of OLED. Lets start with passive-matrix and active-matrix OLEDs. 1. Passive-matrix OLED \ (PMOLED) PMOLEDs has strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current. PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently power these devices. 2. Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards. 3. Transparent OLED Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays. 4. Top-emitting OLED Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays. 5. Foldable OLED Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create smart clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it. 6.White OLED White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting. Reference: http://impnerd.com/the-history-and-future-of-oled http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode http://www.oled-research.com/oleds/oleds-history.html http://www.voidspace.org.uk/technology/top_ten_phone_techs.shtml#keep-your-eye-on-flexible-displays-coming-soon http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/news.phtml/23150/24174/samsung-say-oled-not-ready.phtml http://www.cepro.com/article/study_future_bright_for_oled_lighting_market/

Importance of Physical Activity Essay

Importance of Physical Activity Essay Introduction Physical activity is an important determinant of health. Its fundamental role in energy balance and weight control and in decreasing the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, and depression is widely known. But in this fast paced life, people hardly incorporate physical activity in their daily routine. Non communicable diseases have, as a result been on the rise across the world. Even Mauritius have not been spared from this growing concern on diseases. Undeniably, compared to the past, the health of Mauritians has bettered given that now more facilities are available to combat once mortal diseases. Lifespan has increased as a result and the trend is there are more people as from 65 years old with the balance tipping in favour of the female population. The main problem that Mauritius faces nowadays is in terms of non communicable diseases. The new life trend now leads to other complications like diabetes, hypertension, kidney failure, heart problems, smoke and alcohol related problems. Literature review Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.(WHO,2013) Regular moderate intensity physical activity is beneficial to health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colon and breast cancer, and depression. Other benefits include low risk of hip and vertebral fracture and weight control. Types of Physical Activity Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, bone-strengthening, and stretching are the four main types of physical activity. Aerobic Activity Aerobic activity benefits the heart and lungs. Large muscles, such as those in your arms and legs are used the most. Running, swimming, walking, biking, dancing, and doing jumping jacks are examples of aerobic activity. Aerobic activity also is also known as endurance activity. Aerobic activity increases heart rate. The person also breathes harder during this type of activity. Over time, regular aerobic activity makes the heart and lungs stronger and able to work better. Muscle-strengthening activity Muscle-strengthening activities improve the strength, power, and endurance of muscles. Performing pushups and situps, lifting weights, climbing stairs, and digging in the garden are examples of muscle-strengthening activities. During bone-strengthening activities, muscles push against the bones as the feet, legs, or arms support the bodys weight. This helps to strengthen the bones. Running, walking, jumping rope, and lifting weights are examples of bone-strengthening activities. Muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities also can be aerobic if they make the heart and lungs work harder than usual. For example, running is both an aerobic and a bone-strengthening activity. Stretching improves flexibility and ability to fully move the joints. Touching one’s toes, doing side stretches and yoga exercises are examples of stretching. (AHA,2013) Levels of Intensity in Aerobic Activity Aerobic activity can be performed with light, moderate, or vigorous intensity. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity is better for the heart than light-intensity activity. However, even light-intensity activity is better than no activity at all. The level of intensity depends on how hard you have to work to do the activity. People who are less fit usually have to work harder to do an activity than people who are more fit. Therefore, what is light-intensity activity for one person may be moderate-intensity for another. Light- and Moderate-Intensity Activities Light-intensity activities are common daily tasks that do not require much effort. Moderate-intensity activities make the heart, lungs, and muscles work harder than usual. On a scale of 0 to 10, moderate-intensity activity is given a score of 5 or 6. It causes noticeable increases in breathing and heart rate. Vigorous-Intensity Activities On a scale of 0 to 10, vigorous-intensity activity is a 7 or 8. A person doing vigorous-intensity activity cant say more than a few words without stopping for a breath. Examples of Aerobic Activities Below are examples of aerobic activities. Depending on your level of fitness, they can be light, moderate, or vigorous in intensity: Gardening, such as digging or hoeing that causes your heart rate to go up Walking, hiking, jogging, and running Water aerobics or swimming laps Biking, skateboarding, rollerblading, and jumping rope Ballroom dancing and aerobic dancing Tennis, soccer, hockey, and basketball In the present era, many technological advances and conveniences have made our life easier and less active. But there are other factors that affect participation in physical exercise. For instance, transportation, social capital, and time barriers independently contribute to low levels of physical activity. (Zlot et al., 2006). Physical activity is highly recommended among adults and those aged 18–64 years old should do at least 150 minutes of moderately intense physical activity throughout the week or at least 75 minutes of vigorous- activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous activity.(WHO,2013). Unfortunately, according to the Mauritius non-communicable diseases survey 2009, only 16.5% of Mauritians (10.9% of women and 23.2%of men) undertook sufficient vigorous or moderate physical activity to meet national guidelines, that is, 150 minutes of activity per week. 56% (65.8% of women and 45.7% of men) reported doing no moderate or vigorous leisure time physical activity at all. In line with the NCD survey 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes aged 20-74 years was 21.3%: 21.9% in men and 20.6% in women in Mauritius. The prevalence of hypertension was 37.9%: 35.4% for women and 40.5% for men. The age and gender standardised prevalence of obesity was 16.0%: 11.3% in men and 20.5% in women (Mauritian adult population aged 25 -74 years). Comparing those results with the NCD 2004, the preliminary results of the 2004 NCD Survey indicate that the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes in the Mauritian population aged 20-74 years was 15.0% (15.0% among male, 15.1% among female). The prevalence of hypertension in 2004 in participants aged 20-74 years (standardized on the Census year 2000 population) was 24.2% in males, 22.8% in females and 23.1% in both sexes. In 2004, the age-standardised prevalence of obesity in adults aged 20-74 years was 5.6% among males and 13.7% among females, giving an overall prevalence of 10.3%. On one side, adults do not perform enough physical activity, on the other side, type 2 diabetes; hypertension and obesity are on the rise in Mauritius. Importance of physical activity Benefits of physical activity are widely recognised. Physical activity improves the cardiovascular and respiratory system On a regular basis, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity strengthens the heart muscle. The hearts ability to pump blood to lungs and throughout your body is improved. oxygen levels in your blood rise as more blood flows to your muscles. Capillaries also widen. This allows them to deliver more oxygen to your body and carry away waste products. Physical Activity Reduces Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors(CHD) On a regular basis, moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity can lower risk for CHD. CHD is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood. Plaque narrows the arteries and decreases blood flow to heart muscle. Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture . A blood clot can form on the surface of the plaque. As the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. A heart attack can result. Certain traits, conditions, or habits may increase the risk for CHD. Physical activity can help control some of these risk factors because it: Can decrease blood pressure and triglyceride levels Can raise HDL cholesterol levels. Maintain blood glucose and insulin levels, which lowers your risk for type 2 diabetes. Decreases levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). This protein is a sign of inflammation. High levels of CRP may suggest an increased risk for CHD. Helps reduce overweight and obesity when combined with a reduced-calorie diet. Physical activity also helps in maintaining a healthy weight over time Can help people to quit smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for CHD. Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as people who are physically active. According to studies, inactivity is a major risk factor for CHD, just like high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking. Physical Activity Reduces Heart Attack Risk For people who have CHD, aerobic activity done regularly improves the function of the heart. It also decreases the risk of a second heart attack in people who already have had heart attacks. Vigorous aerobic activity may not be safe for people who have CHD. Physical activity boosts mental wellness Tension, anxiety, depression and anger are relieved by performing physical activity Exercise increases the flow of oxygen which directly affects the brain. Your mental acuity and memory can be improved with physical activity. Physical activity improves physical wellness. Stronger immunity It enhances your immune system and decreases the risk of developing diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Reduced risk factors Becoming more active can lower your blood pressure by as much as 4 to 9 mm Hg. Thats the same reduction in blood pressure delivered by some antihypertensive medications. Physical activity can also boost your levels of good cholesterol. Recommendations of physical activity AHA Recommendation At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least 5 days per week for a total of 150 OR At least 25 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days per week for a total of 75; or a combination of the two AND Moderate to high intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least 2 or more days per week for additional health benefits. Physical inactivity Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally Globally, six percent of deaths are attributed to physical inactivity. This follows high blood pressure (13%), tobacco use (9%) and is equal to high blood glucose (6%). Moreover, physical inactivity is the main cause for approximately 21–25% of breast and colon cancers, 27% of diabetes and 30% of ischaemic heart disease burden. (WHO) Physical inactivity Globally, around 31% of adults aged 15 and over were insufficiently active in 2008 (men 28% and women 34%). Approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are attributable to insufficient physical activity. In 2008, prevalence of insufficient physical activity was highest in the WHO Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In both these regions, almost 50% of women were insufficiently active, while the prevalence for men was 40% in the Americas and 36% in Eastern Mediterranean. The South East Asian Region showed the lowest percentages (15% for men and 19% for women). In all WHO Regions, men were more active than women, with the biggest difference in prevalence between the two sexes in Eastern Mediterranean. This was also the case in nearly every countrhttp://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/y. Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease The increasing urbanization and mechanization of the world has reduced our levels of physical activity. The World Health Organization believes that more than 60% of the global population is not sufficiently active. If you are physically active you will increase your life span, regardless of any adverse inherited factors. Physical activity, at any age, protects against a multitude of chronic health problems including many forms of cardiovascular disease. Physical activity protects you by regulating your weight and improving your body’s use of insulin. Being active is beneficial for your blood pressure, blood lipid levels, blood glucose levels, blood clotting factors, the health of your blood vessels and inflammation, which is powerful promoter of cardiovascular disease. Studies show that doing more than 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate physical activity or an hour of vigorous physical activity every week will reduce your risk of coronary heart disease by about 30%. The consequences of physical inactivity are staggering. More of us are overweight. Adult (and childhood) obesity/overweight level continues to increase: 68% of all Adults are obese or overweight. It is more difficult today to create an active lifestyle. People are less active due to technology and better mass transportation. Sedentary jobs have increased 83% since 1950; Physically active jobs now make up only about 25% of our workforce. That is 50% less than 1950. Our average work week is longer. Americans work 47 hours a week 164 more hours a year than 20 years ago. Extra weight costs us physically and financially. Obesity costs American companies $225.8B per year in health-related productivity losses. The average healthcare cost exceeds $3,000 per person annually. An obese employee costs employer additional $460 to $2,500 in medical costs and sick days per year There are previous studies that have been carried out to assess the views of high school students towards physical activity. In 2010 according to the study carried out by Lovell among non-exercising female students in the United Kingdom, that the greatest perceived benefit from exercise was physical performance followed by the benefits of psychological outlook, preventive health, life enhancement, and then social interaction. The greatest perceived barrier to exercise was physical exertion, which was rated significantly higher than time expenditure, exercise milieu, and family discouragement barriers. Another study was carried by Daskapan in 2006 targetting Turkish university students. Current exercise habits and perceived barriers to physical activity were assessed in the sample. Using a Likert Type scale, participants responded an instrument with 12 items representing barriers to physical activity. Mean scores were computed. External barriers were more important than internal barriers. Lack of time due to busy lesson schedule, My parents give academic success priority over exercise. and lack of time due to responsibilities related to the family and social environment were most cited items for physical activity barriers. In 1999, Allison carried out a study to assess the perceived barriers to physical activity among high school students in Metropolitan school in Toronto. Results showed that time constraints due to school work, other interests, and family activities were three of the four barriers considered most important. Female students had more perceived barriers than the male students towards physical activity. Two empirically distinct and theoretically meaningful factors emerged from the analysis—perceived internal barriers and perceived external barriers. Perceived internal barriers were predictive of physical activity in overall activity and outside of school activity. Perceived external barriers were predictive of overall physical activity and other school activity, but in the direction opposite of that hypothesized. It was concluded that perceived barriers may be predictive of physical activity participation among high school students only under specific conditions. Till date, no study has been carried out in Mauritius among the young population. To combat the rise in non-communicable diseases plaguing Mauritius, it is essential to identify the factors that are preventing young adults, especially the future graduates of our country, from adhering to the national guidelines of 150 minutes physical activity per week. On the same wavelength, the aim of this study is to identify the barriers that influence the students in participating in physical exercise. Findings from the current study will help to investigate the students’ motives for physical exercise and the challenges they face in taking part in regular physical exercise. The findings can assist policy makers, to design effective health strategies in promoting physical exercise at the level of the university.

Knowledge and understanding of the term normative development

Knowledge and understanding of the term normative development The purpose of this writing is to demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of the term normative development. I will analyse Daniels (child I carried out my child study on) learning and development in relation to my knowledge and understanding of normative development by referring to the Early Years Framework Stage (EYFS) (Scottish Government, 2010). I will show evidence of my knowledge and understanding of two theorists, in which will relate in some way to Daniels learning and development. I will show how I supported and provided suitable learning opportunities for Daniel, by referring to all three visits. From this, I will evaluate and reflect on my ability to do this by using the Pre-Birth to Three Guidance (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) and refer to my own experience and suggest some challenges for staff caring for babies in early childhood centres. Dryden et al. (2005) utters that every child is a unique individual and will develop at different times and in different ways throughout their life. Child development is holistic; a child cannot have cognitive development if they do not have language development. When a child develops, the development does not progress in one area and discontinues in another. (Doherty and Hughes, 2009) Normative development means stages of development that the majority of children of that specific age are expected to achieve. (Meggit, 2006). I will use the (EYFS) (Scottish Government, 2008) to illustrate Daniels (twenty four months old) stage in learning and development. The EYFS (Scottish Government, 2008) suggests that children aged between sixteen and twenty six months are expected to show signs of using one and two word utterances to express simple and more difficult messages. Daniel demonstrated this on all three visits, however was most evident on visit two when we went to the park. Daniel mainly used one word utterances, such as up, o (go), oggie (doggie), you. He endeavoured to use two word utterances on visit two and three when he said, the water and Nana you. I took pictures of toys and characters from his favourite programmes and put together a book to help support Daniels language development. Not only do children need to hear language being spoken to develop their language development but social interaction is needed also (Bruner, 1983 cited in Doherty and Hughes, 2008, p.311). A Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) (Bruner, 1983 cited in Doherty and Hughes, 2009, p.311) is a group of approaches used by parents/carers to further promote the development of language. This approach is where the adult speaks to the child at a more advanced level than the child is capable of creating on their own (Doherty and Hughes, 2009). On visit two, Daniel uses his hands to splash in the puddles and says to myself you. I used the scaffolding approach and responded by asking, Would you like me to use my hands to splash in the puddles with you? By using the scaffolding approach and asking Daniel if he would like me to join him, has helped me evaluate my practice by referring to one of the four key principles in the Pre-Birth to Three Guidance (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) Res pect. I respected Daniels wishes about what he wanted to do; he made an informed decision by allowing me to accompany him in splashing in the puddles. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010). Responsive care is another key principle and is defined as: building close relationships with children, being observant of them and meaningfully involved with them. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010, p.23) I was tuned into Daniels wishes by observing him and reading his signals. By doing this, I noticed he was extremely engrossed with playing in the puddles. I went over and became involved in what he was doing by participating alongside him. Daniel then presented what most children of that age are expected to show between the ages of sixteen and twenty six months signs of looking for ways to get attention from others by pulling them into social interaction. (Scottish Government, 2008) Daniel also demonstrated he could use his growing physical abilities to make social interaction (Scottish Government, 2008) by using his hands and feet to splash in the puddles to obtain my attention. In accordance with the EYFS (2008) children aged between sixteen and twenty six months are expected to look to others for reactions which test what they know about themselves. (Scottish Government, 2008). This is clear on visit one when Daniel sat on his mothers knee, holding onto her hand, whilst he watched the television. John Bowlbys theory highlighted the significance of the attachment between children and their main guardian (Sayers, 2008). Daniel showed he had a strong attachment with his mother. Mary Ainsworth established the strange situation (Dryden et al. 2005, p. 78) where the baby and mother are in a room playing, the mother then leaves the room, leaving the stranger in the room with the baby. The majority of the time, this experiment resulted in the child being apprehensive and uneasy at their mothers disappearance. (Dryden et al. 2005). On visit one, Daniel showed signs of anxiousness when his mother left myself in the room with Daniel as she went to answer the door. Daniel also displayed on visits two and three that he can: Make choices that involve challenge, when adults ensure their safety (Scottish Government, 2008, p.31). I used Lev Vyostskys idea of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Pound, 2005, p.40) to support Daniels learning and development in this situation. The ZPD is the space between what a child can do by themselves and what they can do with the support of a person who is more skilful. (Pound, 2005). On visit two, Daniel indicated he wanted to go on the climbing frame by saying up. I assisted Daniel with his permission and ensured his safety by going up the climbing frame behind him. Visit three, Daniel also demonstrated this stage of development when he began to climb up the chute backwards at the swimming baths. I ensured Daniels safety by modelling how to go up chute the correct way and by holding his hand to climb the steps. I can relate my practice to the key principle Relationships in the Pre-Birth to Three Guidance (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) as I strongly believe a connection was made between Daniel and I when I helped him climb up the climbing frame on visit two. Also, on visit three when I modelled and helped him climb the steps on the chute by holding his hand. A further key principle I can relate my practice to is Responsive care (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) because I readily responded to what Daniel wanted to do, I believe Daniel began to trust myself and felt safe and secure when I assisted him. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) As previously mentioned, Daniel and his mother have a strong attachment. Daniel showed anxiousness when he was left in the room with myself on visit one when his mother went to answer the door. This could be a possible challenge for early childhood practitioners working with this age group as Daniel may take a while settling into nursery as his attachment with his mother is very strong. It is clear Daniel is still uncertain when being left alone with strangers myself on visit one. Other members of staff/adults may walk in and out of the room who Daniel do not know, which may result in him getting upset, which again could challenge practitioners. Consulting with Daniels mother, she informed me that Daniel has never attended play group but interacts well with Dion (Daniels mothers friends little girl). On visit one Dion came to visit Daniel and I observed how they interacted with one another. Before long, Daniel hit Dion because Dion wanted her wellington boot back. This may be a possible challenge for practitioners working with this age group as Daniel does not know at this stage how to play with other children because he has not had the experience. He also demonstrated aggressive behaviour towards Dion which may be a further challenge for practitioners. The adult to child ratio for under threes is one adult to five children. Daniel is an only child and thrives to gain adult attention. Daniels needs are responded to immediately by his family as he is an only child, it is certain from visit one if Daniel does not get what he wants he will cry. This may be a challenge for practitioners as each are responsible for five children and may find it difficult to respond to every childs needs. It has been said that parents are their childs main educator (Whalley, 2007) and is therefore extremely important to involve them in their childs learning and development (Ward, 2009). Throughout the child study, I involved Daniels mother through initial meetings to discuss Daniels interests, general information, his learning and development and what my next steps were in taking this further. Throughout the child study I respected and valued the information Daniels mother gave me in regards to Daniel. For children to develop successfully and reach their full potential, a strong positive relationship between parents, teachers and professional caregivers is essential (Hobart and Frankel, 2003, p.1) A relationship was built between Daniels mother and I as we both connected and came to agreements on suitable learning opportunities for Daniel. Trust was also created as Daniels mother allowed me to interact and devise appropriate learning opportunities for Daniels age and stage of development. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010) In conclusion, References Doherty, J. Hughes, M. (2009) Child Development: Theory and Practice 0 -11 England: Pearson Education Limited Dryden, L. et al. (2005) Essential Early Years Abington: Hodder Arnold. Hobart, C. Frankel, R J. (2003). A Practical Guide to Working with Parents. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Pound, L. (2005) How Children Learn London: Step Forward Publishing Limited Learning and Teaching Scotland. (2010) Pre-Birth to Three: Positive Outcomes for Scotlands Children and Families: National Guidance. Glasgow: Learning and Teaching Scotland Scottish Government (2008) Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: Scottish Government Ward, U. (2009) Working with Parents in Early Years Settings Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Whalley, M and the Pen Green Centre Team. (2007) Involving Parents in their Childrens Learning (2nd Edition) London: Paul Chapman Publishing

Conscience Essays -- essays research papers

Conscience Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary defines conscience as "the sense or consciousness of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or good." In A Man for All Seasons, each character's conscience plays the ultimate role in the outcome of the story. "Individual conscience" is trait that each character possesses. This trait differs in intensity throughout the play in each of the main characters. Sir Thomas More and King Henry VIII show their unchangeable conscience, by their actions. More refuses to accept the King's divorce of Catherine, and marriage to Anne. The King appoints More to Lord Chancellor, hoping to persuade Sir Thomas to accept his marriage. King Henry wants everyone to accept his divorce. He believes he is right for going against Pope's ruling, and he wants all his royal subjects, and men of popularity to accept his decision. This is the King's "individual conscience" talking . He fears that without the acceptance from Thomas, Lord Chancellor, that he has made God angry, and he will pay for his unsupported decision. Sir Thomas More was the only character that believed and stuck with his conscience, by doing so, it cost him his life. Sir Thomas was a very prominent member of the King's council, he was the only member whom did not take bribes to sway his decision. Sir Thomas had always trusted ...

Trying To Avoid Gay Stereotypes :: Top 10 Gay Stereotypes

My name is Rob Geis, and I’m a male college student who happens to be gay. Now, I’m not an â€Å"oh-my-God!† gay, nor am I an â€Å"honey, that blouse is all wrong† gay, but for some reason that image gets stuck in people’s minds when I tell them that I am gay. In many ways, coming out was one of the most liberating experiences of my life. I‘m free to do whatever I want under the banner of homosexuality: I can wear skimpy, too-tight clothing that doesn’t suit me, put on makeup, act effeminate and cutesy, or cry at the drop of a hat, without society so much as batting an eye. It’s a real pain. The gay stereotype is that we’re all promiscuous, shallow individuals who act extremely feminine and obsess over fashion. The problem is that there are more young gays who don’t fit the stereotype than those who do. In his 2005 Time cover story titled â€Å"The Battle Over Gay Teens,† John Cloud quotes one-time Young Gay America Magazine editor-in-chief Michael Glatze as saying, â€Å"Today so many kids who are gay, they don't like Cher. They aren't part of the whole subculture. †¦I don't think the gay movement understands the extent to which the next generation just wants to be normal kids.† There seems to be a constant pressure to â€Å"act gay† from others in the gay and straight communities. Look at the news media, which constantly focuses on extreme examples like gays marching down the street with pink lip gloss and Prada bags, shouting gay pride. Look at shows like Queer Eye for the Straight Guy which similarly depict the fluff and flutter of the brightly colored, empty-headed peacock that is the gay male. These portrayals make people expect that sort of behavior from gay men, almost demand it. From other gays, my speech is now open to unwarranted sexual innuendo. I can’t notice a cool pair of sunglasses a guy wears without â€Å"Ooh? So you think he’s cute?† popping up. I wasn’t looking; I just thought the sunglasses were cool†¦ that’s not so unusual, right? It’s the automatic assumption that everything I do is based on my sexuality that’s frustrating. The smallest flick of the wrist speaks volumes about how much of a homosexual I really am. But why cling to the stereotype if you’re gay? Is it so that members of the gay community, who went through their own ordeals and have experienced the same feelings, will recognize you and say, â€Å"You’re like us† and â€Å"Welcome†? Trying To Avoid Gay Stereotypes :: Top 10 Gay Stereotypes My name is Rob Geis, and I’m a male college student who happens to be gay. Now, I’m not an â€Å"oh-my-God!† gay, nor am I an â€Å"honey, that blouse is all wrong† gay, but for some reason that image gets stuck in people’s minds when I tell them that I am gay. In many ways, coming out was one of the most liberating experiences of my life. I‘m free to do whatever I want under the banner of homosexuality: I can wear skimpy, too-tight clothing that doesn’t suit me, put on makeup, act effeminate and cutesy, or cry at the drop of a hat, without society so much as batting an eye. It’s a real pain. The gay stereotype is that we’re all promiscuous, shallow individuals who act extremely feminine and obsess over fashion. The problem is that there are more young gays who don’t fit the stereotype than those who do. In his 2005 Time cover story titled â€Å"The Battle Over Gay Teens,† John Cloud quotes one-time Young Gay America Magazine editor-in-chief Michael Glatze as saying, â€Å"Today so many kids who are gay, they don't like Cher. They aren't part of the whole subculture. †¦I don't think the gay movement understands the extent to which the next generation just wants to be normal kids.† There seems to be a constant pressure to â€Å"act gay† from others in the gay and straight communities. Look at the news media, which constantly focuses on extreme examples like gays marching down the street with pink lip gloss and Prada bags, shouting gay pride. Look at shows like Queer Eye for the Straight Guy which similarly depict the fluff and flutter of the brightly colored, empty-headed peacock that is the gay male. These portrayals make people expect that sort of behavior from gay men, almost demand it. From other gays, my speech is now open to unwarranted sexual innuendo. I can’t notice a cool pair of sunglasses a guy wears without â€Å"Ooh? So you think he’s cute?† popping up. I wasn’t looking; I just thought the sunglasses were cool†¦ that’s not so unusual, right? It’s the automatic assumption that everything I do is based on my sexuality that’s frustrating. The smallest flick of the wrist speaks volumes about how much of a homosexual I really am. But why cling to the stereotype if you’re gay? Is it so that members of the gay community, who went through their own ordeals and have experienced the same feelings, will recognize you and say, â€Å"You’re like us† and â€Å"Welcome†?

Instilled Heritage Essay -- essays research papers fc

Instilled Heritage Alice Walker usually puts herself into characters that she writes about in her stories. However, you don’t understand this unless you know about her. Staring with this let us find out about who she is and where she came from. When recounting the life of Alice Walker, you find out that she was born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia in 1944 and was the baby of eight children. She lost one of her eyes when her brother shot her with a BB gun by accident. She was valedictorian of her class in high school and with that and receiving a scholarship; she went to Spelman, a college for black women, in Atlanta. She then transferred to Sarah Lawrence College in New York and during her time there went Africa as an exchange student. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Sarah Lawrence in 1965. She was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 60’s and as of the 90’s she is still an involved activist. She started her own publishing company in 1984, Wild Tree Press. She is an acclaimed writer and has even received a Pulitzer Prize for the movie, The Color Purple. What is it about her that makes her works so meaningful and persuasive? What provoked her to write what she has? One of her works, a short story called Everyday Use, is a story that she herself can be pictured in. During the opening of this story you find a woman with her two daughters. She and one of her daughters, Maggie, have just cleaned and beautified the yard of their new house. It is very comforting sitting under the Elm tree that is present and blocks the wind from going through the house. It is a place that you feel enveloped in comfort and love. Maggie and Dee, the other daughter are very different, and it is very apparent that mother, is not your ‘everyday’ woman. She, the mother, is â€Å"a larger woman that can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man’ (American Lit, p. 2470). She has no problems doing what needs to be done in order to feed and protect her family. However, the daughters are quite opposite; you have the one, Maggie that has been badly burned and is much scarred, and then Dee, the African Princess want to be. Maggie is very envious of her sis ter and is waiting for the day that she leaves, to further her education. Mother only made it to second grade and back then there wasn’t much to say or do about it, so she settled with what she had. Through the church ... ... lives were lived, that we survived on scraps and patches, the leftovers from the ancestors; we take what no one wanted and make it into something that is loveable and cherished. The heritage that you are looking for is probably looking you in the face. Look around you, discover what you know is there. Remember what brought you where you are and how you got there. Your family is your heritage, no matter the consequences or heartbreaks that happen along the way. There is a reason for everything and it is only then that you can really say that instead of just showing off what you have received or found, put it to Everyday Use. It is everyday that we learn something new. When learning these things, use what you already know to lead the way for your followers to find what they are looking for, heritage is never far from anyone, as a matter of fact, it is instilled in everyone. Works Cited 1. Helga Hoel. "Alice Walker's Everyday Use." Essay on Alice Walker. 17 January 2005. 08 March 2005 . 2. Klinkowitz, Pritchard, Wallace. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2003.

19th century Spain Essay

19th century Spain saw her empire crumble away as colonies like Chile, Peru, and Cuba rose in arms and achieved their independence.In the Philippines, Spain faced the threat of yet another revolution due to mourning social unrest among the natives. Jose Rizal, at age 35 was the greatest political enemy of Spain in the Philippines with his exceptional linguistics ability and interest in the science and arts Rizal was most effective in his campaign for freedom as a writer. His novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were scratching indictments of Spanish Tyranny and church which came to acquire immense political power. In Ghent, Belgium 1891 as Rizal narrates while he is writing the chapter of Simoun in his novel El Filibusterismo â€Å"My country has a social cancer that should be exposed to all Filipinos and to this; I intend to record your condition faithfully without prejudice. I shall fit the shroud that covers the evil, sacrificing everything to truth even vanity itself, for as your son I ‘am conscious of my defects and weakness. The books contain certain revelations so, scandalous that no one dares touch them. I have attempted that others refused to undertake. I tried to correct the slender which for centuries has been attributed to our nation. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay Desiring our common welfare and searching for the best cure Rizal had done what the ancients did with their sick. They lay on the temple steps so that anyone who comes to pray might offer them as remedy. Rizal had unmasked hypocrisy which under the guise of religion has impoverished and brutalized Filipinos. He had distinguished true religion from false beliefs and those who exploit the Holy word that made us Filipinos believed in their lies which had put Catholicism to shame. He had lifted the curtain to show the truth about our government, disclosing to our fellowmen our defects, our vices; our culpable and cowardly indifferences resulted in our own misery. In his novels, he tried to correct the harmful accusations against Filipinos. He had bought out in the open the sad state of his country a grievances and frustrations. Crisostomo Ibarra, he had seen what Rizal seen. The persona of Rizal was also in Ibarra, for this reason they see as one. He asked foe reform but he failed and because of unexpected circumstances he was forced to assume another identity as Simoun. Philippines 1895 this was the start of revolution with the leadership of Andres Bonifacio. The Katipunan, son of the people teared their cedula that shows that as from that moment then they were not as under of the Spaniards. Rizal graduated from Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He obtained a Land Surveyor and Assessor Degree. He also studied Philosophy at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters. And, this was not all; he registered for the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery course in ophthalmology, but did not complete the course on account of indiscriminate behavior against Filipino students. On July 6, 1892, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago, on the charge of instigating unrest against Spain, he was exiled to Dapitan, in northwestern Mindanao. He remained in exile for four years, while he was in political exile in Dapitan, he practice medicine, he established a school for boys, promoted community development projects, he applied his knowledge in engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the towns people. In Dapitan he also met, fell in love and lived with Josephine Bracken. In 1896, the Katipunan, a nationalist secret society launched a revolt against the Spaniards, although Jose Rizal had no connection with the organization, his enemies were able to linked him with the revolt. To avoid being involved in the move to start a revolution, he asked Governor Ramon Blanco tosend him to Cuba but instead he was brought back to Manila and jailed for the second time in Fort Santiago. He advocated a political system that presented scope for Philippine’s participation in the Cortes, freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and equal rights for all citizens. In 1892, he legalized these social reforms, at the expense of being disbanded. He was openly declared ‘enemy of the state’ by the Spanish due to his rebellious nature and ideologies promoted in his novels. He was imprisoned in 1896, while his brother, Paciano, was tortured by the Spanish authorities. Due to his participation in the nascent rebellion in 1892, He was deported to Zamboanga. There, he not only helped the locals to build a school and hospital, but also led the effort towards incorporating a better water supply system. He was supportive of self sufficiency of the youth and resourcefulness of farmers. The four years of exile were also ones that witnessed the development of the revolution back home. In spite of being elected as Honorary President of the Katipunan, he condemned the revolution. He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing political and social reforms for his country and at the same time educate his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino nationalism, published, while in Europe, several works with highly nationalistic and revolutionary tendencies. In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin; in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil; on September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent. Because of his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the animosity of those in power. This led himself, his relatives and countrymen into trouble with the Spanish officials of the country. As a consequence, he and those who had contacts with him, were shadowed; the authorities were not only finding faults but even fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong. While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in agriculture, fishing and business; he maintained and operated a hospital; he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish languages, the arts. For many years now the name Rizal has overtones of rebel cries. He is regarded as the symbol of revolutionary sentiments. Rizal had written novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo that indicates no respect for Spain nor to the religious orders which are considered to be the indestructible bond of union between Mother Spain and Philippine Archipelago and these books along with other witness which criticized the colonial regime and with his campaign to secure for his country certain rights which serve as steeping stones to autonomy and eventually to independence and with his ascendancy over his countrymen. He courted Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman. He did not marry her since marriage would require him to embrace Catholicism, which was against the revolution. 1896 witnessed a nationwide uprising in the Philippines, resulting in the proclamation of a democratic republic. He chose to serve in Cuba, to help victims of yellow fever. En route, Rizal was arrested in Barcelona and sent back to Manila. He was tried before a court-martial on the charges of ‘rebellion’ and ‘conspiracy’. He was convicted and sentenced to death. â€Å"I go where no are nor butchers, nor oppressors slaves where faith does not say where God is sovereign Lord:† -Rizal The revolution claimed on June 12 1898 when General Emilio Aguinaldo raised the Philippines flag for the first time and declared independence. A few years later, Dr. Jose Rizal was declared as the National Hero of the Republic of the Philippines.

Long hair Essay

Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, reveal of control, and up to no trusty these be sound a few of a broad number of stereotypes that atomic number 18 attributed to American striplings. What is it rough youngrs that make the rest of golf-club appear to turn against them? I retrieve that in that respect are galore(postnominal) misconceptions to the highest degree teenagers. m some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) mickle in incompatible generations truly believe that altogether teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed pain in the ass no matter where they are. Loud, obnoxious, rebellious, let expose of control, and up to no good these are safe a few of a wide number of stereotypes that are attributed to American teenagers.What is it ab knocked out(p) teenagers that make the rest of partnership seem to turn against them? I believe that there are many misconceptions about teenagers. Many commonwealth in varied generations sincerely believe that whole teenagers are up to no good, and are guaranteed trouble no matter where they are. I am non arguing that teenagers like that entert be, because there are plenty of them out there, but it b new(prenominal)s me that one type of teenager has been able to spoil the shape of both other teenagers.Person altogethery I venture that these stereotypes apply more to me because I am a male. In addition to existence a male teenager, I as well have noticed that hatful turn over negatively of me because I wear a longer hair style than what is typically evaluate in order of magnitude. Some muckle grow long hair to immortalize rebellion, or to be unique, but I wouldnt classify myself into either of those categories, I simply enjoy having it more than brusque hair.But because of that, many members of nightspot consort legitimate stereotypes of male teenagers to me because I visualize long hair. I could be con postred many different things including rebellious, troubled, angry, arrogant, or any other sort of stereotype out there. How could anyone perchance claim to know all of these wild accusations simply based on my age, and my sexuality? At times it can be bothersome when people take certain precautions slightly teenagers, because they believe that we are all reckless, and dangerous.Parents leave cross to the opposite side of the street with their kids, people clear sidewalks when walking, other drivers tense up on the road, and all while this is happening, other people will keep one eye conservatively watching, just to make sure that all of the rotten teenagers dont do anything dangerous. I sometimes think that people see me and other teenagers as giant, smart explosives that are about to detonate, so eachone else necessitate to distance themselves as much and as quickly as possible.Just because a teenager happens to be walking around outside, that should in no way introduction a response where people chance that it isnt safe to be up properly teenager s. Although it does bother me, I can likewise see a point of becharm where I would do the homogeneous thing. If I saw someone outside that looked a little bit off-beat to me, I would shutdown to likely go a different path as well. However, that raises the question, why does society take in all of these stereotypes and cash in ones chips all of their lives believing false statements? either of it is ridiculous I believe.Anyone that knows me will be able to explain that I am the exact opposite of a stereotyped teenager, so no one should con be to take precautions if they see me out somewhere. A stereotypical teenager would most likely be thought of being machine-accessible to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs in some way, shape, or ground level I on the other expire do not do any of those things, and am strongly against them. Because I do not consider myself anywhere close to a stereotypical teenager, it does bother me when people mistake me for doing those types of activities.A ll of these common stereotypes dont do any good for the people who actually work hard, and prove to do something with their lives. For many people, stereotyping does more than just become a bothersome hassle. For a handful of teenagers, the effect of stereotyping makes them smell out pressured into behaving like a stereotypical teenager. For example, some people do drugs and alcohol because they are expected to by societys stereotypes, so someone may think, Oh, I am a teenager now, I conjecture because other people are drunkenness then I have to as well. I dont even off see peer pressure as that much of an issue here, people tend to fountain drinking or doing drugs voluntarily more often than not, there isnt peer pressure that is forcing them into doing something. And that creates an entire lap of madness. To simplify this many people start acting like stereotypical teenagers, because they feel that they need to in order to be a normal teenager. But that in turn makes society cast out teenagers, when it is actually those same members of society who created these stereotypes for teenagers to follow.In reality, there are several statistics that dilate a decline in teenage drug abuse, alcoholism, and teenage pregnancy, yet stereotypes understood exist (Poole). Are all teenagers loud, obnoxious, rebellious, out of control, and up to no good? obviously not, there is no way that every(prenominal) single teenager in the human being could fit that description. And yet, society still labels every teenager in the world by a description very comparable to that. The few teenagers that live a liveness similar to that have managed to destroy the image of every teenager that happens to be a good kid.It seems that hardworking, determined, and honest teenagers dont have a place in the world anymore. They are out there, and effect to be noticed, but the rest of society has chosen to view them in the same manner as the bad crowds that exist in the teenage populatio n. Quite strange, that the feign teenager that is acceptable in society is not taken seriously. Why does society view superior teenagers that way? It is not only teenagers it is everybody in the world. No individual will ever be right in prejudicing someone, no matter who they are.